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MALENGO YA SINTAKSIA

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MALENGO YA SINTAKSIA
#1
TUKI (1990) wanaeleza na wanafasili dhana hii ya sintaksia au isimu miundo kuwa ni tawi la sarufi linaloshughulikia uchanganuzi wa mpangilio na uhusiano wa vipashio katika kila sentensi.
Habwe na Karanja (2004) wanapambanua dhana hiii ya “sintaksia ni utanzu wa isimu unaoshughulikia muundo wa sentensi na elementi nyingine zinazounda sentensi kama vile kategoria za maneno, vikundi na vishazi”
Radford (1981) anasema isimu miundo au sintaksia ni taaluma inayojishughulisha na namna maneno yanavyoweza kupangwa pamoja kutoa muundo wa sentensi. Radford anaangalia jinsi neno moja linavyoweza kujihusisha na neno  lingine na kutathmini muundo uliosahihi.
 Dhana ya sintaksia ni utanzu wa sarufi unaojishughulisha na uchanganuzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake.( Massamba na wenzake (2001)
Sintaksi (au sarufi miundo/muundo) ni tawi la isimu au taaluma ya sarufi inayoshughulikia namna ambavyo vikundi vya maneno na sentensi mbalimbali zinajengwa katika lugha. Hasa hushughulikia kanuni zinazotawala mfumo wa vipashio vya lugha. Sarufi muundo hushughulikia kanuni zinazotawala mpangilio wa maneno katika lugha husika ili kujenga (kuunda tungo yenye maana). Kipashio ni kipande cha neno au kikundi cha maneno yanayotoa taarifa fulani katika lugha ya Kiswahili.
 Kuna vipashio vitano – navyo ni: Mofimu –> Neno –> –> Kirai –> Kishazi –> Sentensi. Katika namna ya kutaja au kutumia vipashio, ngazi ya mofimu ni ndogo kuliko neno. Neno ni ndogo kuliko Kirai. Kirai ni kidogo kuliko Kishazi. Kishazi ni kidogo kuliko Sentensi. Hivyo basi mpangilio wake halisi huanza kwa ukubwa na kuja udogo.
Kwa ujumla twaweza sema isimu miundo ni utanzu wa sarufi ama kiwango cha isimu ambacho hujishughulisha na uchanganuzi wa mpangilio wa maneno katika sentensi na uhusiano wa vipashio vyake katika kutengeneza tungo yenye uarifishaji kamili. Katika sintaksia kitu cha msingi sana kinachozingatiwa zaidi ni sheria, kanuni, ambazo hufuatwa katika kuyapanga maneno ya lugha katika mfuatano unaokubalika na wenye kuleta maana inayoeleweka. Palipo na lugha yoyote huwa na utaratibu wake maalumu wa kupanga vipashio katika tungo au sentensi.Licha ya  isimu miundo huchunguza uhusiano wa maneno katika tungo na kubainisha jinsi maneno yanavyoweza kumiliki na kutawala mengine.
MALENGO YA ISIMU MIUNDO (SINTAKSIA)
(a) Kuchunguza tungo zinazokubalika katika lugha fulani mahususi.
       Kwa mfano:-  (i)Mwanajamii hodari alizawadiwa na raisi wetu.
                                 (ii)Hodari alizawadiwa mwanajamii na raisi wetu.
Katika tungo mbili hizi tungo ya kwanza ndiyo inayo kubalika katika lugha ya kiswahili.
(b) Kubainisha  utaratibu wa kila lugha ,kama  ambavyo vipashio vidogo vinavyoshirikiana kuunda  vipashio vikubwa.
Sentensi za Kiswahili zina muundo wa mtenda + tendo na kitendwa. Huu ni muundo mkuu wa sentensi za Kiswahili na lugha zingine za Kibantu. Viambajengo vinavyounda sentensi katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni Neno, Kirai na Kishazi. Vipashio hivi huungana na kuunda tungo yenye hadhi kubwa zaidi. Neno ni kipashio cha lugha ambacho kina sifa zote za Kisemantiki, kisintaksia, kimofolojia na kifonolojia. Kirai ni kipashio ambacho huweza kuwa neno moja au zaidi ambapo ndani yake sharti  kuwe na neno kuu
                     Kwa mfano:-
                                                 (i) S = KN + KT
                                                  (ii)KN = N + V
Katika ujenzi wa lugha kipashio fulani hujiongeza na kuunda vipashio vikubwa zaidi katika lugha fulani ambayo huwa ni tofauti na mfumo wa lugha nyingine.
© Kuangalia utoshelevu wa kanuni au kaida katika kategoria zifuatazo
Mifano ni kama vile
  • utoshelevu wa kiuchunguzi
  • utoshelevu wa kiufafanuzi  na
  • utoshelevu wa kiuteuzi.
VIPASHIO VYA LUGHA
Sintaksia au isimu miundo hujishughulisha na mpangilio wa vipashio katika lugha husika, vifuatavyo ni vipashio vya lugha ya Kiswahili ambavyo kwa pamoja hujenga lugha. Vipashio huweza kuwa ni maneno au mpangilio wa maneno unaotoa taarifa Fulani au usiweze kutoa taarifa kamilifu.Kila kipashio huwa na uamilifu na maana fulani. Vipashio hivyo hupishana kihadhi baadhi ni vidogo ambavyo ni mofu na neno  pia vingine ni vikubwa ambavyo ni kirai na kishazi. Hivyo ufuatao ni mpangilio wa vipashio vya lugha ya Kiswahili kuanzia kipashio kidogo kwenda kipashio kikubwa kama ifuatavyo.
                                                                                                                                         
                                                                        Mofu
                                                                            Neno
                                                                         Kirai
                                                                         Kishazi
                                                                          Sentensi
                                                                         
UHUSIANO BAINA YA SINTAKSIA NA MATAWI MENGINE YA ISIMU
Katika lugha ya Kiswahili kuna matawi manne ya isimu ambayo ni
  • mofolojia,
  • sintaksia, fonolojia na
  • semantiki.
 Hivyo ufuatao ni uhusiano baina ya sintaksia na  matawi mengine ya isimu ambayo ni semantiki, mofolojia na fonolojia kama ifuatavyo:-
(a)Sintaksia na Semantiki.
      Richard na wenzake (1985) wanasema kuwa semantiki ni stadi ya maana, hivyo maana
hushughulikiwa katika vitengo au viwango vyote vya lugha ikiwemo sintaksia ambayo
hujishughulisha  na mpangilio wa vipashio wa vipashio katika lugha.
Kwa mtazamo huo wa jumla wa isimu, maana ya semantiki yaweza kujengwa katika muonekano ufuatao. Semantiki ni tawi la isimu au taaluma ya isimu ambayo hufuata kanuni na taratibu maalumu katika kuchunguza na kuchambua maana katika lugha. Maana hizo zaweza kuwa katika maneno, vifungu au sentensi, pia maana zinazoshugulikiwa ni zote, ziwe za wazi au zilizojificha.

       Kwa mfano:-
                                     (a)Musa analima shamba.
                                     (b)Musa shamba analima.
Sentensi ya kwanza  ina maana kwani imefuata mpangilio sahihi wa maneno, lakini sentensi ya pili haina maana kwani haina mpangilio sahihi wa maneno. Hivyo basi ili tungo iwe na maana ni lazima mpangilio wa maneno katika tungo uwe sahihi.
(b)  Sintaksia na mofolojia.
       (i) Rubanza (1996) anasema kuwa mofolojia ni taaluma inayoshughulikia vipashio vya lugha katika  kuunda maneno. Kipashio cha msingi katika uchambuzi wa kimofolojia ni neno ambalo ndilo  hutumika kuunda darajia ya sintaksia . Mofolojia kutoka maneno ya Kigiriki morphe, umbo, na logos, neno) au sarufi maumbo ni tawi la isimu ambalo huchunguza maneno ya lugha fulani na aina zake za maneno, hasa upande wa upangaji wa mofimu mbalimbali zitumikazo kwa ajili ya kuunda maneno.Mambo ya maneno ni matokeo ya muunganiko wa fonimu mbalimbali ambazo pia huungana na kuunda – hatimaye na kuwa neno. kama
 Fonimu —> Silabi —> Neno.

 (ii) Vile vile maumbo ya kimofolojia huathiri vipengele vingine vya sintaksia.
                        Kwa mfano:-
                                                    (a) Mkulima anapandisha kilima kikuuu.
                                                     (b)  Wanyama wanasumbua msituni.
    Hapa mofimu “M” na “Wa” upande wa kiima imeathiri utokeaji wa mofimu “a’ na “wa”
upande wa kiarifu.
(iii)Pia kanuni za mfuatano na mpangilio wa mofimu au viambishi ukifuatwa huunda maneno
katika
Smiundo ya kisintaksia. Kwa mfano:-
                                              (a) Alipika= A-li-pik-a
                                              (b)   Anachapa=A-na-chap-a
 (iv) Kipengele cha umoja na wingi katika maumbo ya kimofolojia kinaathiri umbo
linalofuata jina na kuathiri muundo wa sentensi nzima. Kwa mfano:-
                                                 (a)  Mwanajeshi alikuwa anakimbia.
                                                 (b) Wana walikuwa wanasoma kwabidii darasani.
               Hapa majina ya umoja na wingi yanaathiri mpangilio mzima wa sentensi.Hivyo vipashio hivyo huathiriana katika sensensi kwani kipashio cha kwanza hutegemea sana kipashio cha pili ama huathiriana ili kuleta maana.
© Sintaksia na Fonolojia.
Kwa mujibu wa Massamba na wenzake (1996) wanapambanua kuwa fonolojia  kama ni uchambuzi wa mfumo wa sauti katika lugha fulani mahususi. Ni jinsi ambavyo vitamkwa au sauti ya lugha zinavyoungana ili kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha. Hivyo kuungana kwa vitamkwa ili kujenga maneno yanayokubalika katika lugha fulani kutegemea mpangilio sahihi wa vitamkwa kwa kuwa neno ni kiwango cha msingi cha uchambuzi katika sintaksia basi fonolojia ina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja na sintaksia.
                                                        Kwa mfano:-
                                                              (a) Anacheka= A-na- chek-a
                                                              (b)   Anaimba=A-na-imb-a
Kwa ujumla sintaksia ni  tawi mojawapo la isimu lenye maauhusiano ya moja kwa moja na matawi mengine kwani haliwezi kutenganishwa na vitengo vingine vya lugha kutokana na uhusiano mkubwa uliopo baina ya vitengo hivi. Hutegemeana na kukamilishana kwani matawi hayo hufanya kazi moja ndani ya isimu.Kwa kupitia uhusika huo katika kukamilishana na kutegemeana hakuna ukamilifu wa tungo kama kaida na sheria za kisarufi hazito weza zingatiwa kwa ujumla au miundo yake haita weza zingatiwa.Matawi hayo hakuna lenye ubora zidi ya tawi jingine ila hufanya kazi kama vidole vya mkono kila kidole huwa na kazi yake lakini katika kufanya kazi kwake huegemeana. Kwa mfano, huwezi kupata mofolojia (neno) bila kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na pia huwezi kuwa na ngazi ya sintaksia (sentensi/tungo) bila kupitia ngazi ya fonolojia na mofolojia lakini vitengo vyote hivi hutawaliwa na kitengo cha semantika ili kuleta mawasiliano miongoni mwa wazungumzaji.
                                           MAREJEO
TUKI (2004). Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es salaam: TUKI.
Rubanza, Y.I (1996). Mofolojia ya Kiswahili. Dar es salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania.
Massamba, D.P.B na wenzake (1999). Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili Sanifu: Sekondari na Vyuo.  Dar essalaam: TUKI.
Habwe, J na P. Karanja (2004). Misingi ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers Ltd.
Mwl Maeda
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