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Dhana ya mtindo na nafasi yake katika fasihi

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Dhana ya mtindo na nafasi yake katika fasihi
#1
Dhana ya mtindo na nafasi yake katika fasihi
Kabla hatujaangalia dhana ya mtindo ni vema tukajua kwanza dhana ya fasihi.
Wataalamu wengi  akiwamo Wamitila (2003) wanakubaliana kuwa fasihi ni sanaa inayotumia lugha na ambayo hujishughulisha na binadamu pamoja na maisha yake na huathiri, hugusa, au huacha athari fulani na hupatikana katika umbo ambalo linatambuliwa na jamii. Kwa ujumla fasihi ni sanaa inayotumia lugha na yenye maudhui katika jamii husika.
Baada ya kuangalia dhana ya fasihi kwa ujumla sasa tuangalie dhana ya mtindo na nafasi yake katika fasihi.
Senkoro (1982) anasema mtindo katika kazi ya fasihi ni ile namna ambayo msanii hutunga kazi hiyo na kuipa sura ambayo kifani na kimaudhui huainisha kanuni au kawaida zilizofuatwa (za kimapokeo) ama ni za kipekee. Anaendelea kusema, mtindo ni upangaji wa fani na maudhui katika kazi ya fasihi kwa njia ambayo hutokeza au huonyesha nafsi na labda upekee wa mtungaji wa kazi hiyo.
Katika fasili hii tunaweza kuona anachokieleza mtaalamu huyu ni kwamba mtindo huhusisha upangaji wa fani na maudhui katika kazi ya fasihi ambapo upangaji huu hutegemea upekee alionao msanii. Kwa maana nyingine, unaposoma kazi fulani ya fasihi unaweza kumwona mtunzi wa kazi hiyo kulingana na jinsi alivyoiandika, kwa maana kwamba jambo moja linaweza kuongelewa na wasanii wawili tofauti lakini namna linavyowasilishwa likatofautiana, na hii ni kulingana na upekee wao.
Wamitlia (2003) naye anasema ‘mtindo ni jumla ya mbinu au sifa zinazomwezesha mwandishi kuwasilisha ujumbe  wake, huelezea mwandishi anavyounda kazi yake’. Anaendelea kusema, dhana ya mtindo hurejelea sifa maalumu za mwandishi au mazoea ya mwandishi fulani ambayo hujionyesha kwenye fani yake, mazoea hayo ya mwandishi ya kuandika, kuteua msamiati, tamathali za semi, taswira, uakifishi, sentensi na kadhalika ndio yanayompambanua mwandishi huyu na mwanzake.
Kitu anachokisema hapa Wamitila hakitofautiani na Senkoro, kinachoongelewa hapa ni upekee wa mwandishi husika lakini Wamitila kasema kitu kimoja zaidi,  kwamba msanii anaonekana kuwa na mtindo fulani kwa sababu amezoea kutunga kazi zake za fasihi kwa namna fulani ambayo inadhihirisha upekee wake. Kwa kauli hii ya Wamitila tunaweza kusema kwamba mtindo wa mtunzi huonekana baada ya kuandika kazi zake kadhaa na kimsingi hii ndio huleta maana halisi ya mazoea.
Nakubaliana na kauli hii, kwani hata hivyo huwezi ukahitimisha kuwa mtunzi fulani mtindo wake ni huu kama umesoma kazi yake moja tu, kwa hiyo mtindo (upekee) wa mwandishi huweza kubainishwa baada ya kupitia kazi zake kadhaa na ndipo tunaweza kuona mazoea ya mwandishi huyo katika kuandika kazi zake.
Kwa  sentensi fupi tunaweza kusema kuwa mtindo ni ule upekee alionao mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi katika kuipa kazi yake sura fulani kifani na kimaudhui ambapo mtunzi mwingine hawezi kufanya hivyo hata kama kitu kinachoongelewa ni kilekile.
Sasa mtu anaweza kujiuliza, nitawezaje kubainisha mtindo wa mtunzi katika kazi ya fasihi? Swali hili linaweza kujibiwa kwa kuangalia vipengele fulanifulani.
Tunapotaka kujua mtindo wa msanii katika kazi husika, kwa mfano katika  riwaya tunaangalia vipengele vifuatavyo:
  •  Matumizi ya lugha; je, lugha ni rahisi au ngumu, je kuna matumizi ya maneno ya kiufundi na kadhalika
  • Matumizi ya daiolojia; je, ni kwa kiasi gani mtunzi ametumia dailojia, ni kwa kiasi gani daiolojia husimulia hadithi?
  • Namna ya usimulizi; je, anatumia nafsi ya kwanza, ya pili au ya tatu na kadhalika.
  • Ukuaji wa wahusika; kwa vipi mtunzi anawatambulisha wahusika na kwa vipi wanabadilika katika hadithi.
  • Hisia za mwandishi; je hisia zake zinaonekanaje katika hadithi? Je, anaonekana ni mwenye dhihaka? Mwenye mapenzi, mwenye matumaini, mkali, mwenye kejeli na kadhalika.
  • Namna anavyopanga sura au matukio katika hadithi. Je, sura ni fupifupi au ndefu? Ni nyingi kiasi gani, zimepangwaje? Na kwa nini imepangwa hivyo?
  • Tamathali za semi; je, mwandishi katumia kwa kiasi gani tashibiha, sitiari, tashihisi au alama?
  • Mandhari; je mandhari yaliyotumika ni halisi au ya kubuni?
  • Uteuzi wa msamiati; je, ni kwa jinsi gani msamiati uliotumika unaleta mvuto kwa msomaji.
Kwa ujumla hivi ni baadhi tu ya  vipengele vya mtindo vinavyoweza kujitokeza  katika riwaya.
Baada ya kuangalia dhana ya mtindo ni vema sasa tukaangalia nafasi yake katika fasihi. Kwa ujumla mtindo una nafasi kubwa tu katika kazi ya fasihi.
Mtindo humtambulisha mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi; watu hupenda kazi ya mtunzi fulani kwa sababu mtindo anaoutumia huwavutia wasomaji wake.
Mtindo ndicho kipengele kinachotenganisha  kazi nyingine za kisayansi au za kawaida, bila mtindo kazi za kifasihi zisingepata mashabiki wengi. Kwa hiyo mtindo ndio huibua hisia na kuwafanya wasomaji wapende zaidi kusoma kazi za msanii husika.
Kwa hiyo tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kuwa, tunapozungumzia dhana ya mtindo tunakuwa tunarejelea mwandishi husika, kwa maana kwamba ubinafsi wake ndicho kile kinachoonekana kwenye kazi yake. Tunaposema hadithi fulani ina taswira nyingi, ina sitiari nyingi au lugha yake ni rahisi au lugha yake inavutia na kadhalika tunakuwa tunarejelea mtindo wa mtunzi husika. Kwa mantiki hiyo dhana ya mtindo kama ilivyokwisha jadiliwa inaonekana kwa namna mtunzi anavyopangilia kazi yake kifani na kimaudhui, yaani namna anavyotumia lugha, anavyopanga visa na matukio, uteuzi wa mandhari, falsafa anayoiwasilisha,ujumbe dhamira na kadhalika.
 Marejeo
Senkoro, F.E.M.K (1982) Fasihi. Dar es salaam: Press and Publicity Centre.
Wamitila, K.W. (2003) Kichocheo cha Fasihi Simulizi na Andishi. Naiobi: Focus Publishers.
Mwl Maeda
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