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FALSAFA YA KIAFRIKA

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FALSAFA YA KIAFRIKA
#1
Mpaka sasa tumekwishaona maana ya Falsafa ya Kiafrika katika mitazamo miwili, yaani mtazamo wa falsafa kama mtazamo na falsafa kama taaluma. Aidha, tumekwishaona kazi ya kwanza iliyochukuliwa kama kazi ya kwanza na ya msingi kuhusu Falsafa ya Kiafrika, hapa tunazungumzia kitabu cha Placide F. Tempels kinachoitwa Bantu Philosophy (La philosophie bantoue kwa Kifaransa), kitabu hiki kinaweza kusomwa katika wavuti hii www.scribd.com/doc/27632044/Placide-Tempels-Bantu-Philosophy-English. Baadaye tukaangalia kazi ya John S. Mbiti katika kitabu chake kiitwacho African Religions and Philosophy. Kwa upande wetu tuliangalia hasa dhana ya mtu, kifo, muda kwa juujuu ili tuunganishe vizuri na dhana zilizozungumzwa na Placide Tempels. Baadaye tumeangalia mikondo ya Falsafa ya Kiafrika ambapo tuliona mikondo minne kama ilivyoainishwa na Odera Oruka (1990) ambapo tuliona mikondo ifuatayo: ethnofilosofia, mkondo wa siasa na jamii, mkondo wa falsafa ya kitaaluma, falsafa ya watu wenye hekima.
Kwa kifupi, wanaethnofilosofia wanatazama falsafa kama mawazo ya jamii nzima ambayo yanapatikana katika kazi mbalimbali za fasihi simulizi kama vile methali, visasili, visakale, simulizi mbalimbali, na nyimbo. Wanakosolewa kwa kuwa wanachokitilia mkazo si falsafa bali ni mila na desturi za jamii. Suala wanalopaswa kuchambua falsafa kutoka katika vyanzo hivyo. Kwa hiyo mkondo huu wa falsafa una umuhimu wa kutambua vyanzo vinavyoweza kutumiwa kama chanzo cha falsafa ya Kiafrika lakini hawajaweza kuchambua mawazo ya kiafalsafa.
Mkondo wa Siasa na jamii ni mkondo unaohusisha kwa lugha rahisi wapigania uhuru. Wengi wao walianzisha mawazo yao ya Kifalsafa kama nyenzo ya kuwasaidia kupata uhuru katika nchi zao au kujenga mitazamo mipya katika nchi mpya tofauti na mitazamo iliyojengwa na wakoloni. Katika kundi hili tunawaona watu kama vile Nyerere, Nkrumah na Kaunda.
Nyerere akisimamia “Ujamaa” kama msingi wa maisha ya Mwafrika na kwamba Wazungu wamebomoa misingi ya Ujamaa wa Kiafrika na kuleta mifumo yenye unyonyaji ndani yake ilhali huu sio mfumo uliozoeleka kwa Waafrika. Kwa hiyo, Nyerere anadai ni vema turudi katika mfumowa Ujamaa wa Kiafrika ili tujenge jamii itakayoondoa mifumo ya kinyonyaji. Kwa Mwalimu Nyerere, mfumo wa Ujamaa wa Kiafrika ni mfumo mzuri unaowafaa Waafrika.
Kwame Nkrumah kwa upande wake anaona mfumo uliokuwa ukitumika Afrika kabla ya ukoloni ni mzuri kuliko mfumo wa ubepari. Anaamini kuwa ili Afrika isonge mbele inahitaji kuachana kabisa na mfumo wa kibepari. Hata hivyo, tofauti na Mwalimu Nyerere Nkrumah hashauri Waafrika warudie kwenye mifumo yao ya awali, (yaani baada ya kuondoka wakoloni) badala yake Waafrika waunde mfumo utakaokuwa na mseto wa mawazo mbalimbali ikiwemo yale ya Kiislamu, Kikristu yaliyotoka Ulaya na mawazo ya Kiafrika. Tukumbuke kuwa Nkrumah kama Nyerere ni watu waliokuwa wasomi na waliathiriwa kiasi fulani na falsafa za kisoshalisti za Karl Marx, Vladmir Lenin na Mao. Kwa hiyo wote walikuwa na mtazamo wa kijamaa, kinyume na ubepari. Kwa kifupi, mtazamo wa Kwame Nkurumah ni kama vile umekaa kinadharia zaidi kuliko ule wa Nyerere.
Kwa upande wake Kenneth Kaunda, ambaye yu hai hadi hivi sasa anatazama Afrika inayojengwa kwa misingi ya utu. Kaunda anadai kuwa utu wa ndio silaha pekee iliyowasaidia Waafrika kuondokana na ukoloni. Utu ni kitu kinachoviweka pamoja dini na siasa; vyote vinahitaji utu ili vilete matokeo yanayohitajika katika jamii. Kaunda alikuwa Mkristu hivyo anaingiza wazo la Mungu katika mtazamo wake akidai kuwa ili kuwa na taifa lenye upendo, uelewano na amani, ni lazima watu wake wawe na nia thabiti ya kumfuata Mungu, kujitahidi kufanana na Mungu. Kama Nyerere na Nkrumah, Kaunda pia alikuwa na mawazo ya Kijamaa lakini aliyachanganya na na Ukristu lakini pia aliingiza misingi ya maadili ya Kiafrika. Kwa kifupi wanasiasa hawa walizungumzia masuala mengi, lakini hapa tunadokeza tu mawazo ya msingi.
Mwl Maeda
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