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KIDATO CHA PILI: MATAMSHI NA LAFUDHI YA KISWAHILI

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KIDATO CHA PILI: MATAMSHI NA LAFUDHI YA KISWAHILI
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Matamshi na Lafudhi ya Kiswahili Matamshi ni namna ambavyo mtu anatamka neno au jinsi mtu anavyozungumza lugha. Unaposema fulani ana matamshi mazuri ya Kiswahili utakuwa unamaanisha anazungumza Kiswahili fasaha.
Neno moja linaweza kuzungumzwa/kutamkwa kwa namna tofauti na watu mbalimbali kutokana na sababu mbali mbali, sababu hizo ni pamoja na eneo la kijiografia anakotoka huyo mtu, kabila lake, kundi lake la kijamii mfano msanii au mwanasiasa, na elimu aliyonayo. Hizi zote zinaweza zikawa ni sababu za kufanya watu watofautiane katika matamshi.
Lafudhi Mbalimbali za Kiswahili
Dhana ya matamshi huhusisha
Sauti za lugha husika
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Mkazo
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Kiimbo
Sauti za lugha ya Kiswahili
Sauti za lugha ya Kiswahili hujumuisha irabu na konsonanti, ambazo kwa ujumla huunda sauti 24, irabu tano na konsonanti 19 (konsonanti x na q hazipo katika matamshi ya kiswahili). Sauti za Kiswahili hutamkwa kama zilivyoandikwa, kwa mfano maneno “data” au “dengue” wewe unayatamkaje? Wengi huyatamka kama yalivyo hata
kama wakiwa wanazungumza kiingereza, hii ni kwa sababu maneno ya Kiswahili hutamkwa kama yalivyoandikwa.
Kwa hiyo unapotamka maneno ya Kiswahili ni sharti uzingatie sauti asilia za lugha ya Kiswahili. Kuna watu huwa wanaandika hivi “xaxa”, hii huwa unaitamkaje? Au “ucjal” huwa unaitamkaje? Kwa kufuata matamshi asilia ya Kiswahili “ucjal” itatamkwa “uchijal” sijui itakuwa ina maana gani sasa. Na pengine umekuwa
ukitumia maandishi ya namna hii hata kwenye insha zako ukidhani upo sahihi au ni kwa mazoea tu, sasa kwa kuwa umejua matamshi sahihi ya Kiswahili ni yapi, utajifunza kuyatumia kwa usahihi katika maandishi rasmi na yasiyo rasmi.
Mkazo
Katika lugha ya Kiswahili kuna namna ya kutamka maneno ili kuleta maana mbali mbali, kwa mfano neno “barabara” litaleta maana husika kulingana na jinsi lilivyotamkwa. Hivyo, mkazo ni pale silabi inapotamkwa kwa kukazwa. Maneno ya Kiswahili huwa na silabi moja ambayo hutamkwa kwa nguvu zaidi kuliko silabi nyingine. Unapotamka silabi iliyotiwa mkazo, sauti hupandishwa juu kiasi. Maneno mengi ya Kiswahili, hasa yale yenye asili ya Kibantu hutia mkazo katika silabi ya pili kutoka mwisho.
Kwa mfano:ba’bu, maya’i, rama’ni (mimi nilikuwa nikitamka ra’mani), baraba’ra (njia). Baadhi ya maneno yenye asili ya kigeni, huwa na mkazo katika silabi nyingine. Kwa mfano: bara’bara (sawa sawa), Alha’misi
Kiimbo
Ni utaratibu maalum wa upandaji na ushukaji wa mawimbi ya sauti unaojitokeza katika utamkaji wa lugha fulani.
Katika utaratibu wa utamkaji, dhana ya Kiimbo huandamana pia na dhanna ya kidatu ( yaani , kiwango cha juu, cha chini au cha kati cha sauti katika usemaj), Kwa hivyo ni muhimu hapa kueleza tofauti zilizopo baina ya kiimbo na kidatu. Wakati kiimbo kina maana ya kupanda na kushuka kwa mawimbi ya sauti ya lugha, kidatu kina maana ya kiwango cha sauti isikikayo, wakati wa utamkaji ama kuwa juu, kuwa katikati au kuwa chini.
Aina za viimbo
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Kiimbo cha maelezo: Kiimbo cha maelezo ni kile ambacho kwa kawaida msemaji wa lugha akiwa kwenye kidatu chochote kile mawimbi sauti ya usemaji wake yanakuwa takriban katika mstari ulionyooka. Mfano, Mwalimu anafundisha.
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Kiimbo cha maulizo: Kiimbo cha kuuliza hujitokeza kwa kutumia viwango tofauti vya kidatu kutegemeana na aina ya swali linaloulizwa. Mfano, mwalimu anafundisha?
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Kiimbo cha amri: kiimbo cha amri hakitofautiyani sana na kiimbo cha maulizo. Kiimbo cha amri, mzungumzaji hutumia kidatu cha juu zaidi kuliko ilivyo katika kiimbo cha maelezo. Mfano, njoo hapa!
Lafudhi ya Kiswahili
Lafudhi ni matamshi ya msemaji wa lugha fulani ambayo yanatokana na athari za kimazingira. Mazingira hayo yanaweza kuwa eneo atokalo mtu, mahali alikosomea, kiwango chake cha elimu, tabaka lake la kijamii na kadhalika.
Lugha ya Kiswahili ni lugha ya pili kwa watumiaji wengi wa afrika mashariki, kwa hiyo hii inafanya kuwatambua wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili kulingana na makabila yao au maeneo wanakotoka. Kwa mfano, kwa hapa Tanzania tunaweza kuwatambua watu wa mwanza kwa lafudhi yao, watu wa mtwara kwa lafudhi yao, watu wa pemba kwa
lafudhi yao au watu wa Musoma kwa lafudhi yao.
Mifano
1.      Usiniretee maswara ya ubaguzi wa kikabira hapa (Wakuria)
2.      Amemupiga mutoto ya watu juu amemuibia mfaranga makumi mawili (Wakongo)
3.      Ukikaa nchale, ukichimama nchale (Wamakonde)
4.      Wewe unakamuaga mang’ombe tu moja kwa moja (Wasukuma)
5.      Mbona unakuwa kinganganizi, nilishakwambia sikupendi lakini wewe bado unaningangania tu! (Wahaya)
ZOEZI  
Neno lipi kati ya haya linaonesha lafudhi ya mzungumzaji wa Kiswahili kutoka jamii ya Wapare?
A Sasa
B Thatha
C N’toto
D Thelathini
 “Twende tukarare” ni sentensi ya Kiswahili inayoonesha lafudhi ya kabila gani?
A Wakurya
B Wahaya
C Wajita
D Wamasai
___ni tofauti ya matamshi ya wasemaji wa lugha ambayo husababishwa na athari ya mazingira.
A Mkazo
B Lafudhi
C Utata
D Mtindo wa lugha
 ‘Hifi ni fiatu fyangu’ hii ni lafudhi ya watu wa jamii gani?
A Wanyakyusa
B Wapare
C Wayao
D Wamakua
___ ni tungo ya Kiswahili yenye lafudhi ya Kimakonde.
A Juma amemupiga mutoto.
B Riereze riondoke.
C We mitu kabila gani?
D N’toto amekuja.
Mwl Maeda
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