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TOFAUTI YA LUGHA NA LAHAJA

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TOFAUTI YA LUGHA NA LAHAJA
#1
Tofauti baina ya lugha na lahaja ni jambo ambalo watu wengi huliona rahisi. Ukimuuliza mtu ambaye anaijua lugha ya Kiswahili akuambie lahaja ni nini pengine atasema kuwa ni aina moja tu kati ya aina nyingi za Kiswahili. Baada ya hapo atakutolea mfano kama vile kimvita (Kiswahili cha Mombasa) kiamu (Kiswahili cha Lamu), kiunguja (Kiswahili cha mjini Zanzibar), kingazija (Kiswahili cha kisiwa cha Ngazija) kimwiini (kiswahilli cha kusini mwa Somallia), kingwana (Kiswahili cha mashariki mwa Zaire) n.k. Je mtu huyu amekwambia lahaja ni nini?
Kusema kweli jibu lililoko hapa juu la tosha kwa mtu wa kawaida lakini lina upungufu kiasi hasa tunapoangalia ulimwengu wote kwa jumla. Katika baadhi ya nchi tutaona kuwa watu ambao hawafahamiani moja kwa moja waweza kujiita watu wa jamii moja na yenye lugha moja. Baadhi ya mifano inayotolewa ni Uchina. Ingawa wachina wengi hujiona kama watu wanozumgumza lugha moja baadhi yao hawawezi kuelewanana kwa kutumia lugha ya mazungumzo. Kwa sababu hii wao hutumia maandishi badala ya kuzungumza moja kwa moja.
Kwa upande mwingine tunayo mifano ya watu ambo hujiona na kudai kuwa wao ni tofauti na wenye lugha tofauti lakini ambao lugha zao huelewana moja kwa moja bila huduma za mkalimani. Katika nchi hii tunayo mifano kama ya Wakikuyu, Waembu, Wambeere, Watharaka na Waweru. Wengi wa watu hawa huzungumza kwa kutumia kila mtu lugha yake. Ukiwakuta wakikuyu na waembu wakizungumza utaona kuwa wanaelewana moja kwa moja, pia Muembu na Mtharaka au Mmeru huwasiliana kwa kutumia kila mtu lugha yake. Kila mmoja wa watu hawa husema “mimi sisemi lugha ya fulani.” Hali hii pia hutokea baina ya Wakikuyu na Wakamba. Wengi wao waweza kuzungumza bila kutumia Kiswahili au kiingereza. Je tukilinganisha hali hii na ile ya Uchina tutasemaje?
Kwa kawaida neno lahaja humaanisha aina moja tu ya lugha katika eneo kubwa ambapo watu hujiona na kukubali kuwa wanazungumza lugha moja. Lahaja yaweza kuwa ya kijiografia, yaani inataumiwa katika eneo fulani tu la nchi, au ya kitabaka, yaani iwe inatumiwa na watu wa tabaka fulani tu.
Mtu anayeongea lugha nyingi k.m Kiswahili, Kikamba, Kiingereza n,k hasemwi kuwa ana lahaja nyingi. Huyu ni mtu mwenye ujuzi wa lugha nyingi; lakini mtu ambaye aweza kuzitumia lahaja tofauti za lugha moja hasemwi kuwa ana lugha nyingi k.m mtu ambaye anajua na aweza kuzungumza Kimvita, Kiamu, Kimrima, Kiunguja, Kingwana, Kingazija anao ujuzi mwingi wa Kiswahili.
Tuliyoyasema hapo juu yana maana kuwa neno lahaja si neno rahisi kulielewa. Ikiwa wachina ambao hawaelewani moja kwa moja hujiona kama watu wa lugha moja, na ikiwa watu wanaozungumza lugha ambazo zaelewana moja kwa moja wanaweza kusema kuwa wao huwazungumzi lahaja za lugha moja tu wataelewaje maana ya lahaja?
Lahaja yaweza kueleweka kwa kutumia mbinu za kisimu wala sio madai ya wazungumzaji. Ikiwa lugha mbili zinaelewana moja kwa moja lakini tofauti zinajitokeza katika matamshi au baadhi ya maneno yanayotumiwa Wanaisimu wataziita ‘lugha’ hizo lahaja za lugha moja.
Tukiachanan na mahali penye ubishi itakuwa rahisi kusema kuwa lahaja ni aina ya lugha inayotumiwa na baadhi ya watu katika nchi au eneo la wazungumzaji wa lugha moja. Mara nyingi lahaja hutumiwa katika eneo fulani tofauti tofauti za nchi, ikiwa kila eneo lina lahaja yake hizo ndizo lahaja za lugha hiyo.
Lugha sanifu pia ni mojawapo wa lahaja za lugha. Kwa mfano kiingereza sanifu cha Uingereza na pia kile cha Marekani ni lahaja mbili za Kiingereza. Zaidi ya lahaja hizi mbili kunazo lahaja nyingine za Kiingereza ambazo hupatikana nchini Uingereza, Marekani, Canada, Afrika, Australia, Asia, n.k. Kiswahili pia kinazo lahaja nyingi ambazo zimesambaa nchini Somalia, Kenya, Comoro, Tanzania, Zaire, n.k. Pia Kiswahili sanifu ni moja kati ya lahaja za Kiswahili. Ifuatayo ni baadhi ya mifano ya tofauti kati ya lahaja za Kiswahili.
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Shingazidja (Comoro)
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Shingazidja (Comoro)
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Kivumba
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Pengine umegundua kuwa tofauti kati ya lahaja mara nyingi huwa za kifonolojia. Ifuatayo ni baadhi ya mifano kutoka kivumba.
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Tofauti za kimofolojia pia hujitokeza. Mifano ifuatayo yatoka katika kivumba.
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Mifano tuliyoitoa huoyesha tofauti za kimofolojia k.m tunaona kuwa badala ya –ta– kivumba kina –cha-; tutalala ya kisanifu huwa ruchayaa. Pia katika kukanusha Kiswahili sanifu hutumiwa ha au hu pamoja na ku k.m. hakula au hukula lakini kivimba hutumiwa k’u au k’a pamoja na li k.m. k’ulinipa, k’alimpa badala ya hukunipa na hakunipa.
Kutokana na mifano hii tunaona kuwa tofauti baina ya lahaja mara nyingi hutokea katika fonolojia na mofolojia. Haya ndiyo mambo ambayo huwatambulisha wazumgumzaji wa lahaja fulani. Hata hivyo watu wenye lugha sanifu huwasiliana kwa kutumia lahaja moja katika nchi au eneo lote. Hii ndiyo hali ulivyo katika Afrika ya Mashariki ambapo sote hutumiwa Kiswahili Sanifu katika mawasiliano baina ya wazungumzaji wa lahaja mbali mbali.
Katika kumalizia kijisehemu hiki ni muhimu kutaja kuwa lugha zote huwa na tofauti za kilahaja. Hapa nchini Kenya tunazo lugha nyingi ambazo zina lahaja tofauti tofauti k.m Kiluyia, Kijaluo, Kikalenjini, Kikuyu, Kimeru, Kikamba, Kisomali n.k. Kila mojawapo ya lahaja za lugha huwa na uhumimu wake katika mawasiliano. Pia lahaja hizo ndizo ambazo huchangia maendeleo ya lugha sanifu.
Mwl Maeda
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