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ULAHAJIA NI NINI?

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ULAHAJIA NI NINI?
#1
Lugha ya Kiswahili ina Lahaja kadhaa kama vile Kiamu kinachozungumzwa Lamu, Kimvita(Mombasa), Kibajuni huzungumzwa sehemu za Kismayu, Somalia, Kipemba, Kitumbatu na Kimakunduchi huzungumzwa Zanzibar. Halima nyanza alitembelea visiwani Zanzibar, kujua zaidi juu ya Lahaja hizo zilivyoweza kuwa hai mpaka sasa, licha ya matumizi makubwa ya kiswahili sanifu.
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Ulahajia ni nini?
Dhana ya ulahajia inafaa vipi katika kuelezea utendaji wa lugha?
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Swali hili limegawanyika katika sehemu ‘a’ na sehemu ‘b’. Na katika kulijibu swali hili tukianza na kipengele ‘a’ tutajadili dhana ya ulahaji kutokana na wataalamu mbalimbali huku tukitoa fasili yetu kwa ujumla. Pia katika kipengele ‘b’ tutajadili kuhusu dhana ya utendi kwa mujibu wa wataalamu, pia tutajadili maana mazungumzo huku tukitoa fasili yetu. Na katika kujadili kiini chetu cha swali tutajadili dhana ya ulahajia jinsi inavyotumika katika kuelezea utendaji wa lugha na mwishoni tutatoa hitimisho la kazi yetu.
Dhana ya ulahajia imefasiliwa na wataalamu mbalimbali ambao wameifafanua dhana hii kama ifuatavyo:-
Crystal, D (2000) anafasili ulahajia kuwa ni taaluma inayohusu mfumo wa lahaja za kimkoa.
Wikipedia wanasema kuwa, ulahajia ni tawi la isimu linalojihusisha na taaluma ya lahaja.
Kwa hiyo dhana ya ulahajia hufafanuliwa kuwa ni taaluma inayojihusisha na uchunguzi wa lahaja za kimkoa.
Taaluma hii huchunguza utofauti wa lahaja kati ya mkoa mmoja na mkoa mwingine. Zamani taaluma hii ilijikita zaidi katika kufanya uchunguzi kwa wazee walioishi sehemu moja bila kuhama tangia kuzaliwa kwao, lakini kwa sasa taaluma hii uchunguzi wake umejikita zaidi katika maeneo ya mjini kutokana na kuchanganyika kwa makundi ya watu tofauti tofauti kutoka mikoa tofautitofauti.
Dhana ya utendi imefafanuliwa na wataalamu mbalimbali ambao wamefasili dhana hii kama ifuatavyo:-
Wikipedia wanafasili utendi kuwa ni uzungumzaji wa lugha katika muktadha halisi, nini hasa mzungumzaji husema kwa kuzingatia makosa ya kisarufi.
Kwa hiyo utendi huweza kufasiliwa kuwa ni utumiaji wa lugha katika mazingira halisi. Lugha inayotumika lazima iendane na mazingira yaliyopo.
Vile vile mazungumzo yamefasiliwa na Oxford (2004) kuwa ni jambo linalojadiliwa na watu au kikundi cha watu kwa lengo fulani. Kwa mfano maongezi.
Halliday (1990) anasema mazungumzo huweza kuwa na makosa mbalimbali katika mpangilio wa sentensi au katika mtindo wa matamshi. Vile vile Halliday anasema lugha ya mazungumzo inasifa zake bainifu ambazo ni tofauti na zile sifa za lugha ya maandishi.
Kwa hiyo tunaweza kufasili mazungumzo kuwa ni jambo fulani linalojadiliwa na watu wawili au kundi la watu kwa lengo fulani.
Baada ya kujadili dhana hizo, sasa tunaweza kujadili ni kwa jinsi gani dhana ya ulahajia inavyoweza kuelezea utendaji wa lugha hususani katika lugha ya mazungumzo kwa kuzingatia lugha ya Kiswahili.
Utofauti wa matamshi. Ulahajia huchunguza matamshi ya wazungumzaji wa lugha kutoka mikoa tofauti tofauti. Kwa mfano wazungumzaji kutoka mikoa ya kanda ya ziwa. Mfano wahaya kutoka mkoa wa Kagera katika matamshi yao hawana kitamkwa ng’ kwa hiyo wanapotamka maneno kama vile ng’ombe wao hutamka ngombe, neno ng’ang’ania hutamka ngangania, neno ung’amuzi wao hulitamka kama ungamuzi. Vile vile watu kutoka mkoa wa Mara ambao ni wakurya hutumia kitamkwa r badala ya l kwa mfano neno kula wao hulitamka kura, neno kulala hulitamka kurara, kulalamika wao hulitamka kuraramika. Pia wazungumzaji kutoka mikoa ya kusini mfano kutoka mkoa wa mtwara na lindi ambao ni Wamakonde wao hutumia kitamkwa n badala ya m kwa mfano mtoto hutamka kama ntoto, msichana hutamka kama nsichana, mchana hutamka nchana. Vile vile wazungumzaji kutoka mkoa wa mbeya ambao ni wanyakyusa wao hutamka f  badala ya v kwa mfano neno viatu vyangu hutamka kama fiatu fyangu, uvivu hutamka ufifu, viazi hutamka fiasi. Wazungumzaji wa kutoka mikoa ya kaskazini mfano wapare kutoka mkoa wa moshi hutumia kitakmwa th badala ya s kwa mfano badala ya kusema sisi sote ni wasichana wao hutamka thithi thote ni wathichana. Kwa hiyo tofauti hizo za kimatamshi zinatokana na athari za lahaja za mikoa waliyotoka.
Msamiati. Dhana ya ulahajia huweza kutumika katika kuchunguza msamiti mbalimbali wa wazungumzaji wa lugha moja kutoka mikoa tofauti tofauti. Kwa mfano watu kutoka Zanzibar wao hutumia msamiati tofauti na wazungumzaji wa mikoa ya bara, kwa mfano husema neno tungule kwa kumaanisha nyanya, neno malikiti humaanisha sokoni, mferejini humaanisha bombani, vile vile kabila la Wamakonde kutoka mkoa Mtwara hutumia neno kumaanika kwa kumaanisha kudharirika, kwa hiyo wazungumzaji hawa hutumia msamiati wa lahaja zao  kutokana na athari za lahaja hizo.
Muundo wa sentensi, vile vile dhana ya ulahajia huweza kuelezea utendaji wa lugha kwa kuchunguza muundo wa sentensi wa wazungumzaji wa lugha moja, kwa kuchunguza muundo wa sentensi utaweza kubaini kuwa wazungumzaji wa lugha hii wanatokea mkoa gani, kwa mfano wazungumzaji wa mkoa wa Tabora hutumia wingi mahala pa nomino ya umoja wakiashiria heshima. Kwa mfano husema baba wanakuja badala ya kusema baba anakuja, mmefika salama? Badala ya kusema umefika salama?. Kwa hiyo mtu wa heshima kwao hutumia nomino ya wingi na hii yote ni kutokana na kuathiriwa na lahaja za mikoa watokayo.
Kiimbo. Ulahajia huweza kuchunguza kupanda na kushuka kwa mawimbi ya sauti ya wazungumzaji wa lugha, kwa mfano kabila la Waluguru kutoka mkoa wa Morogoro wao huzungumza kwa kupandisha na kushusha mawimbi ya sauti.  Kwa mfano, “baba amekuja”. kwa hiyo athari hizo zimetokana na lahaja ya mkoa waliotokea.
Mkazo, mkazo ni kule kutumia nguvu zaidi katika kutamka maneno au sentensi. Yaani ni hali ya neno au silabi katika neno kusikika kuwa na nguvu zaidi kuliko silabi au maneno mengine. Kwa hiyo ulahajia huweza kuelezea utofauti wa mkazo uliopo katika baadhi ya wazungumzaji wa lugha moja. Kwa mfano kabila la Wasukuma kutoka mkoa wa Mwanza huweka msisitizo katika mazungumzo, kwa mfano “baba anakujaa”, pia wanaongeza vitamkwa ambavyo si vya msingi katika maneno yanayojitosheleaza. kwa mfano neno amekuja wao huongezea kitamkwa ga, = amekujaga, neno ameenda + ga, = ameendaga, hakuna + ga.=hakunaga.
Kwa hiyo mtu huweza kuwa na umilisi wa lugha fulani lakini asiwe mtendaji hususani katika lugha ya mazungumzo na hii ni kutokana na sababu mbalimbali ikiwemo kuathiriwa na lahaja ya mkoa atokao, athari hizi hujidhihirisha zaidi katika lugha ya mazungumzo kama tulivyojadili hapo juu, lakini katika lugha ya maandishi athari hizi huweza kujidhihirisha kwa kiasi kidogo sana au zisitokee kabisa.
Kwa kuhitimisha tunaweza kusema kuwa dhana ya ulahajia huweza kuelezea utendaji wa lugha husasani katika lugha ya mazungumzo kwani ndio rahisi sana kuchunguza tofauti za wazungumzaji wa lugha moja watokao sehemu tofauti tofauti, ambayo ni tofauti sana na kuelezea utendaji wa lugha katika lugha ya maandishi kwani ni vigumu sana kubainisha makosa ya kisarufi kama vile matamshi, kiimbo, mkazo, msamiati na hata muundo wa sentensi. Mara nyingi maandishi huandikwa kwa ufasaha zaidi ukilinganisha na mazungumzo na ndio maana ulahajia huweza kuelezea utendaji wa lugha hususani katika lugha ya mazungumzo.
Marejeo;
Crystal, D. (2002). The Cambridge of Encyclopedia of Language: Second edition. London. Cambridge University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1990). Spoken and Written Language. London. Oxford  University Press.
Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, (2004). Nairobi. Oxford University Press.
Mwl Maeda
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