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USHAIRI NA UTOFAUTI WA MAWAZO JUU YA MAANA YA USHAIRI

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USHAIRI NA UTOFAUTI WA MAWAZO JUU YA MAANA YA USHAIRI
#1
Ni kweli kwamba tofauti ya mawazo baina ya mabingwa wa Ushairi wa Kiswahili kuhusu maana    ya ushairi ni msisitizo tu kutokana na wataalamu mbalimbali wa ushairi kufasili maana za ushairi kwa utofauti.
Kwa mujibu wa Wamitila (2010) anadai kuwa Ushairi ni utanzu ambao una historia ndefu katika Fasihi ya Kiswahili ingawa mpaka leo hakuna makubaliano kuhusu utungo wa kwanza uliandikwa lini. Wataaalamu wanakubaliana kuwa utanzu huu una historia ndefu. Anaendelea kusema kuwa Ushairi wa Kiswahili umegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili amabayo ni mashairi ya kijadi au ya kimapokeo ambayo hutungwa kwa kuzingatia arudhi au kaida za utunzi kama vina, mizani, idadi maalumu ya mishororo katika ubeti na vipande. Pia Mashairi ya kisasa au huru ambayo hukiuka kaida hizo na badala yake kutegemea mbinu nyingine za kishairi kama uruwazi wa kimuundo kuwasilisha ujumbe wake.
Wataalamu mbalimbali wa Ushairi wa Kiswahili hutofautiana katika maana zao za Ushairi. Kwa kiasi kikubwa wataalamu hawa wamegawanyika katika makundi mawili ambayo ni wana Mapokeo na wana Usasa. Kwa kuanza na Wanamapokeo wanatoa maana za ushairi na kuonesha msisitizo pamoja na kutofautiana katika maana zao kama ifuatavyo.
Kwa mujibu wa Shaban Robert (1968) anafasili Ushairi ni sanaa ya vina inayopambanuliwa kama nyimbo, mashairi na utenzi. Ushairi una ufasaha wa maneno machache au muhutasari. Anaendelea kusema kuwa Shairi ni wimbo mkubwa, wimbo ni shairi dogo na utenzi ni upeo wa Ushairi. Anazidi kufafanua kuwa kina ni mlingano wa sauti za herufi, kwa maneno mengine huitwa mizani ya sauti na ufasaha na uzuri wa lugha, mawazo, maono na fikra za ndani zinapoelezwa kwa muhutasari wa ushairi huvuta moyo kwa namna ya ajabu.
Katika fasili ya Shaban Robert anasisitiza kuwa shairi lazima liwe na urari wa vina na mizani na hutumia maneno machache yenye ufasaha. Pia anadai kuwa mtu anaposoma shairi huguswa ndani ya moyo kutokana na lugha ilivyotumika kwenye shairi hilo.
Kwa mujibu wa Abdilatifu Abdalah (2003) anafasili Ushairi kuwa ni utungo ambao katika kila ubeti wake kuna ulinganifu wa vina vitukufu vilivyopangwa kimoja badala ya chenzie wenye vipande vilivyo na ulinganifu wa mizani zisizopungufu wala zilizozidi. Vipande hivyo viwe vimetandwa na maneno ya mkato maalumu na lugha nyoofu, tamu na laini, lugha ambayo ni telezi kwa ulimi kwa kuitamka, lugha ambayo ina uzito wa fikra, tamu kwa mdomo na yenye kuathiri moyo uliokusudiwa na kama ulivyokusudiwa.
Hivyo Abdilatifu kama mtaalamu wa kimapokeo pia anasisitiza kuwa shairi huwa na ulinganifu wa vina na mizani, pia anasisitiza kuwa shairi lazima liwe tamu na utamu huo hutokana na maudhui yaliyopo kwenye shairi lenyewe.
Mathias Mnyampala (1970) anafasili Ushairi kuwa ni maneno yenye hekima tangu kale, ndicho kitu bora sana katika maongezi ya dunia kwa kutumia maneno ya mkato na lugha nzito yenye kunata iliyopangwa kwa urari na vina maalumu kwa shairi.
Anasisitiza katika urari wa vina na mizani huku akiegemea kwenye maneno yenye hekima yenye lugha ya mkato na lugha nzito zenye kunata. Maneno yenye hekima ni maneno yenye kufundisha, kuasa, kuonya na kuburudisha jamii. Lugha nzito ni lugha ambayo hutumia misemo, nahau, tamathali za semi katika kufikisha ujumbe.
Kwa mujibu wa Amri Abeid (1996) anafasili Ushairi ni wimbo, hivyo kama shairi haliimbiki halina maana. Tunaona kuwa mtaalamu huyu msisitizo wake mkubwa katika Ushairi ni uimbikaji wa shairi kuwa kama shairi haliimbiki basi shairi hilo halina maana kabisa.
Mathalani wanausasa pia wamefasili maana ya Ushairi na kuonyesha msisitizo pamoja na tofauti katika maana zao kama ifuatavyo.
E. Kezilahabi (1975) anadai kuwa Ushairi ni tukio au wazo ambalo limeonyeshwa kutokana na upangaji mzuri wa maneno ya ili kuonyesha ukweli fulani wa maisha. Hivyo tunaona kuwa msisitizo wake mkubwa uko katika maudhui ambayo yanaonesha uhalisia Fulani wa maisha. Pia anasisitiza katika upangaji mzuri wa maneno.
Kwa mujibu wa Mulokozi (1976) anafasili Ushairi ni mpangilio maalumu wa maneno fasaha yenye muwala, kuwa lugha ya mkato katika usemi, maandishi au mahadhi ya wimbo ili kueleza wazo au mawazo, kufunza au kueleza jambo au hisi Fulani kuhusu maisha ya binadamu kwa njia inayoburudisha na kugusa moyo.
Tunaona kuwa msisitizo wa Mulokozi katika fasili yake uko kwenye kufundisha watu na kuburudisha watu. Pia anasisitiza kuwa shairi hugusa moyo kutokana na maudhui au mambo yanayozungumzwa na kuamsha hisia.
Kwa mujibu wa Wamitila (2010) anafasili shairi kuwa ni utungo wa sanaa ya lugha na mpangilio maalumu wa mishororo au wa kisauti na kwa maneno mateule kwa kutumia mbinu za kibalagha na kimtindo zinazomwezesha mtunzi kuwasilisha ujumbe kwa ufupi na kwa mkokotozo mkubwa unaoeleza kisa, hisia, tukio au hali kwa lugha ya mvuto.
Tunaona kuwa katika fasili ya Wamitila anasisitiza zaidi katika vipengele vya fani na maudhui kwani utumiaji wa lugha zenye mnato na mbinu nyingine ni sehemu ya vipengele vya fani na maudhui. Pia anadai kuwa shairi hutumia lugha ya mvuto ili kuweza kumvutia msomaji.
Pia Njogu na Chimera (1999) wanafasili Ushairi kuwa ni sanaa ya lugha inayoeleza jambo kwa njia ya mkato na kwa namna inavyoteka hisia za msomaji au msikilizaji. Hivyo tunaona kuwa wataalamu hawa wanasisitiza katika usanaa wa lugha kwenye Ushairi na utekaji hisia na lugha ya mkato katika Ushairi.
Ingawa wataalamu wa ushairi wamefasili maana ya ushairi kwa msisitizo, pia washairi wanatofautiana katika vipengele au mambo mbalimbali yanayohusu ushairi. Yafuatayo ni mambo mengine yanayohusu ushairi;
Muktadha.
Kwa mujibu wa Wamitila (2010) Muktadha ni kipengele kinachosaidia kufasili maana ya ushairi, maana ya ushairi inaweza kutazamwa kwa kuchunguza muktadha wa wasomaji, wakati au eneo na  mwandishi au kazi yenyewe ya fasihi. Muktadha huo huo unaweza kuwa asili ambao ni wa kiusemaji au muktadha pokezi ambao ni wa kulipokea tamko ni wa kuipokea tamko. K-Marx na Georg Lukas wanasema kuwa maana ya kazi ya kifasihi lazima itilie maanani uhalisia wa kijamii. Mfano mabadiliko ya kijamii, mivutano ya kitabaka, mifumo ya uzalishaji mali na mivutano ya kihistoria. Muktadha wa ushairi umegawanyika katika sehemu tatu, kuna muktadha wa mahali huu unaonyasha mabadiliko ya mahali au mazingira. Mfano kuna ushairi uliotungwa kabla ya wakoloni, kipindi cha ujima, wakati wa ukoloni na ushairi uliotungwa kipindi cha harakati za kupigania uhuru. Pia kuna muktadha wa mahusiano kibinasfi huu unaelekeza kwenye wahusika wa utungo maalum. Utungo wa kishairi unaweza kuangalia matumizi ya nafsi yaani inaweza kuwa nafsi ya kwanza au ya tatu.
Muktadha mwingine wa ushairi ni wa kimwingiliano matini huu unavuka mpaka wa ushairi mmoja maalum na kuhusisha muktadha wa shairi au utungo mwingine ambao unadokezwa au kuelekezwa kwa njia moja au nyingine katika shairi linalohusika. Muktadha wa kimwingiliano matini unapanua muktadha finyu wa ushairi na kuonyesha jinsi ambavyo shairi lililotangulia kwa  kukamilishana, kujihusisha kwenye usemezano wa aina fulani au hata kuukana au kuukanusha mwelekeo, mtazamo na mwonoulimwengu wake.
Utamaduni.
 Ni kipengele kingine kinachoelezea ushari, wataalamu wengi wa ushairi wameelezea utamaduni au asili ya ushairi. Mfano Knappert (1979) “Four centuries of Swahili verse” anasema; ushairi wa Kiswahili ulichipuka kutokana na nyimbo na ngoma za waswahili na ulianza katika karne ya 17. Na Jumanne, M. N (1993) anasema ushairi umetokana na jamii ya wanadamu wenyewe na umesheheneza ukwasa mkubwa wa lugha ambayo imekuwa ikitumika tangu enzi za kuishi mapangoni, enzi za ujima, uvamizi wa wakoloni na harakati za kupigania uhuru. Pia kwa mujibu wa Senkoro (1987) anadai kuwa Ushairi asili yake ni watu wa pwani.
Msisitizo
Ni kipengele kinachoelezea ushairi. Wataalamu wengi wa ushairi wa kimapokeo wanasisitiza matumizi ya vina na mizani na wanamamboleo wanasisitiza kuwa shairi lazima liimbike. Pia wanazuoni wa kimapokeo na wanamamboleo, mfano Shaaban Robert (1958), Topani (1974) na Kahigi (1982) wote wanasisitiza kuwa ushairi lazima uilenge jamii kwa kuibuia hisia za jamii hiyo husika.
Kanuni
Wanamapokeo wao wamejikita katika kufuata kanuni na sheria za ushairi. Mfano Shabaan Robert (1968) anasisitiza katika kufuata urali wa vina na mizani huku wanausasa hawafuati kanuni hizo za utunzi wa mashairii. Mashairi ya kimapokeo yote yanazingatia kanuni za uandishi wa mashairi. Mfano matumizi ya urari wa vina na mizani, kuwepo na kina, bahari au mshororo. Mashairi ya kisasa hayazingatii kanuni hizi za matumizi ya vina na mizani bali yanaangalia matumizi ya arudhi yaani shairi ili liwe shairi lazima liimbike.
Kwa ujumla wataalamu wote wanamapokeo na wanamamboleo wanafanana katika maana zao za ushairi kwa kiasi fulani kwa kuwa wote wanasema kuwa shairi lazima liibue hisia kwa jamii husika na shairi lazima liimbike. Hivyo mashairi yawe ya kisasa au yakimapokeo ni mashairi tu kwa kuwa yote yanalenga kunufaisha jamii kwa lengo la kuelimisha jamii, kuburudisha jamii na kutunza amali za jamii.
MAREJELEO
 Abeid, A. (1954). Sheria za Kutunga Mashairi na Diwani ya AMR. Nairobi: EALB.
Abdilatifu, A. (1973). Sauti ya Dhiki. Oxford London.
Kezilahabi, E. (1975). Ushairi wa Mapokeo na wa Wakati ujao. Katika Mbonde J.P 121-137
Knappert, J. (1979). Four centuries of Swahili Verse. Heinemann. London.
Mayoka, J.K. (1993). Mgogoro wa Ushairi na Diwani ya Mayoka. Ndanda Mission
                                   Press.Tanzania.
Mulokozi, M.M. (1976). Fasihi ya Kiswahili. Chuo Kikuu cha Dar-es-Salaam. Dar-es-Salaam
Mnyapala, M. E. ( 1970). Ngonjera za Ukuta. Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
Robert, S (1968). Kielelezo cha Insha. Nelson London.
Senkoro, F.E.M.K. (1987). Ushairi, Nadharia na Tahakiki. Dar-es-Salaam: DUP.
Topan,F. (1974). “Dibaji” katika Kezilahabi, ukurasa:x
Wamitila, K.W. (2010). Misingi ya Uchanganuzi wa Fasihi. Nairobi Kenya: Vide-Muwa.
Mwl Maeda
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