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UFUNDI WA M.S. ABDULLA (E. N. Hussein)

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UFUNDI WA M.S. ABDULLA (E. N. Hussein)
#1
‘Viti vilikuwa viwili tu – kimoja
kimesukumwa chini ya mvngu wa meza iliyokuwepo chini ya ukuta baina ya
mashubaka mawili yaliyojazwa vitabu; cha pili kimekaa ovyo tu, katikati ya
chumba. Hapana picha hata moja juu ya kuta zote; ila katikati ya ukuta wa
mezani ilikuwapo saa nyeusi ya Japani imetundikwa kwa juu, na chini yake
ilikuwapo rafu iliyojaa vitabu.’
 
Hebu tuuchungue ustadi alioupitisha Bwana Muhammed Said Abdulla katika maandishi haya kutoka ukurasa wa kwanza wa Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale.
Jambo la kwanza ni hakika aliyonayo ya chumba hiki. Ni kama kwamba Bwana Muhammed anakiona chumba chenyewe mbele yake na huku anaandika, na siyo kuwa anakibuni kutoka akilini. Hakika hii inamfanya msomaji vile vile ‘akione’ chumba hiki mbele yake. ‘Kweli, ama hiki chumba!’ anaamini. Imani hii ndiyo inayomfanya ajihisi kuwa yumo katika chumba hiki. Pale akijihisi kuwa yumo katika chumba cha Musa kilichomo ndani ya ulimwengu wa kubuni, ndipo msomaji anapokuwa ameshaukimbia kwa nafsi yake ulimwengu huu wetu – ulimwengu wa hakika, ulimwengu wangu na wako – na kuingia ulimwengu wa kubuni.
Kukimbia huku kwa nafsi, kutoka ulimwengu wa hakika kwenda
ulimwengu wa kubuni, ndio msingi war aha ya usomaji, nan i moja katika malengo ya maana ya msomaji wa maandishi ya kubuni.
Jambo la pili ni tabia ya Musa. Katika kutuchorea chumba cha Musa, mwandishi anatuchorea tabia ya Musa. Madhumuni mawili yamechanganywa – kutupa picha ya chumba na kutupa picha ya mwenye chumba. Huu ndio ustadi. Bwana Muhammed anapoongea juu ya chumba anaongea juu ya mambo mawili – chumba na tabia ya mwenye chumba bilakutaja tabia zake. Kwa mfano, ‘Viti vilikuwa viwili tu – kimoja kimesukumizwa chini ya mvungu wa meza…..’ Kuna uchache wa vitu: viti viwili tu. Bwana Musa si mtu mwenye kupenda fanicha ya kitajiri na mazulia ya kifalme. Kwake yeye, fanicha sip ambo la nyumba bali ni kitu cha matumizi. Kiti ni kitu cha kukalia tu, si cha kujisifia. Yeye hajali nidhamu ya viti na vitu kama hivi. Viti vimekaa ovyo tu- ‘kimoja kimesukumwa’. Neno ‘kimesukumwa’ hapa laonesha kutokujali kwake. Maana jambo linaloingia fikirani katika kusoma maneno haya ni kuwa Musa, bila ya kujali chochote, na si kwa makusudi, kakisukuma hiki kiti bila ya kujali tena kukiweka sawa. Hata kwa mfano ingalikuwa sio yeye aliyekisukuma, lakini madhali yeye hakukirudisha mahali pake, madhali yeye hakukiweka katika mpango fulani, yaonesha kuwa yeye mwenye chumba hiki hajali habari ya nidhamu.
Tunaambiwa kuwa kuna uchache wa fanicha lakini kuna wingi wa vitabu – vitabu juu ya meza, vitabu katika rafu, vitabu katika mashubaka mawili. Bwana Musa apenda vitabu na ana kiu cha elimu. Uandishi ni jambo la uchaguzi kwa vile mwandishi huchagua kuandika neno hili na kuacha neno hili. Kwa vile uchaguzi huu hufanywa kwa sababu maalumu, basi kila kinachoandikwa nacho huwa na sababu maalumu. Juu ya msingi wa makala haya nimejenga uchambuzi huo hapo juu. Kwani sikubali kuwa maneno kama (kiti) ‘kimoja kimesukumwa….’ ni maneno tu. Maneno haya yameandikwa kutoa picha fulani kwa ubingwa. Ikiwa tunakubaliana kuwa katika maandishi ya kubuni kila linaloandikwa lina sababu, basi ni nini sababu ya maneno, Hapana picha hata moja juu ya kuta zote tatu? Kwa nini mwandishi anatwambia hivi? Maana katika chumba hiki viti vingi vimetoweka, havipo.
Lakini mwandishi ametaja habari ya picha tu, yakuwa hakuna picha yoyote viambazani. Tena anasisitiza ‘hata moja’. Nitalijibu swali hili
kwa kusema kuwa huo ni ufundi. Katika kutwambia nini hakipo, anatwambia nini kipo; katika hali ya kutoweka, kuna kuwako. Nini kimetoweka? Picha zimetoweka. Hakuna picha. Lakini kuna nini? Vipo ‘vitu’ hivi bali bila ya kutajwa: Ni kawaida katika nchi hii, yaani Unguja, kuweka picha viambazani. Huu ni utamaduni na ustaarabu wa watu hawa. Kama ingalikuwa kuweka picha si jambo la kawaida, mwandishi asingalistaajabu juu ya ukosefu wa picha hizo. Imekuwa kama mwandishi anatwambia: ‘Kwa kawaida chumba kama hiki hapa petu huwa na picha. Lakini katika chumba hiki hapana picha hata moja juu ya ukuta.’ Kwa hivyo tunaelewa juu ya utamaduni.
Jambo la pili ni kuuliza: hizi picha ni picha gani? Mwandishi hatwambii. Jambo jema hivyo kutotwambia. Jema kwa sababu fikra za msomaji Zapata mawanda makuu ya kuchagua.
Mimi niliposoma kitabu hiki nilifasiri kuwa picha hizi ni za rafiki, jamaa au mke. Mara nilipofikiri hivi picha niliyoipata ya Musa ni kuwa Musa ni mtu pweke; hana jamaa, hana mke wala hana rafiki! Lakini nikasema kuwa lakini Najum ni rafiki yake! Nikabadilisha mawazo pale pale. Hana rafiki wengi, hana jamaa kabisa wala hana mke. Lakini si lazima, anaweza kuwa ana jamaa lakini haweki picha zao kama wanavyofanya watu wote. Mbona hakuweka picha ya Najum? Musa, kwa hiyo, si mtu kama watu wengine wa Unguja; ni mtu asiyependa kufanya mambo kama wanavyofanya watu wengine. Vile vile Bwana Musa ni mtu pweke. Haya yote nimeambiwa kwa ufundi, kwa mstari mmoja tu: ‘Hapana picha hata moja juu ya kuta zote tatu….’
Mstari huu umenieleza habari kadha wa kadha. Kunieleza huku siyo kwa kawaida, bali kwa ubingwa. Mstari huu unazitekenya fikra za msomaji na kuziachia ziende zinapopelekwa na shauku zake. Bila shaka kila mtu atafasiri atakavyo, lakini kule kufunguliwa mawanda ambapo fikra zetu zaweza kutimka zitakavyo ni jambo la ustadi.
Katika kitabu chake, Bwana Muhammed Said Abdulla ametumia ufundi kama huu pahala pengi. Hivyo sitaweza kuonesha pahala pote hapo katika kurasa chache hizi, lakini tunaweza kuonesha maandishi ambayo yamepitishwa kidogo na ufundi wa namna nyingine. Najum yupo ndani ya mzimu, kashikwa na woga. Mbele yake anamwona mtu wa kutisha- miguu yake ameinyosha mbele, kichwa chake amekipakata. Mwandishi anatusimulia (uk. 37): ‘ Najum aliduwaa na kutumbua macho. Miguu yake haikuweza kusimama sawasawa kwa ajili ya hofu. Alitamani kurudi nyuma, lakini hofu ilimzidia. Alipozunguka kumtazama Bwana Musa….wapi? Bwana Musa hayupo!’ Maandishi haya yanaweza
kusomwa namna mbili. Mtu anaweza kuyasoma kama maelezo. Mwandishi anamwona Najum fikrani mwake, naye anatueleza vitendo vya Najum kama avionavyo humo. Utaratibu unamtenga mwandishi na ‘kiumbe’ chake-Bwana Muhammed, mwandishi, na Bwana Najum ni watu wawili tafauti. Bwana Muhammed ni mtoaji habari tu na msimulizi way ale yanayomfika Bwana Najum. Yeye hayahisi yale anayoyahisi Najum.
Tunaweza kufasiri namna nyingine tena. Mwandishi na kiumbe chake katika maarifa haya huwa kitu kimoja. Kwanza Bwana Muhammed anatueleza yale yanayomkuta kiumbe chake-Najum. Lakini kwa vile yeye na kiumbe chake wameambatana sana, hawezi kujizuia kueleza bila kuyahisi yeye mwenyewe yale anayoyahisi Najum. Kwa mfano. Toka mstari ‘Najum aliduwaa…’ mapaka… ‘Alipozunguka kumtazama Bwana Musa….’ (uk. 37) mwandishi yu mbali na kiumbe chake. Anatoa ripoti tu. Lakini kiumbe, yaani Najum, anageuka. Anapogeuka anahisi ‘kitu’ fulani. Bwana Muhammed hawezi kungojea kutueleza kile anachohisi Najum. Yeye na Najum wanakuwa kitu kimoja. Bwana Muhammed anayahisi anayoyahisi kiumbe chake. Hawezi tena kukaa na kutueleza kwa utulivu kama vile anavyofanya mwanzo wa maelezo. Kwa hivyo…. ‘wapi? Bwana Musa hayupo!’ Hofu na ajabu, yote yamemuelemea Najum. Anayeona ajabu na hofu hapa ni Najum. Lakini kitambo kidogo alikuwa ni Bwana Muhammed aliyekuwa akituongelea. Sasa ni Najum anayetuongelea. Mabadiliko yamefanyika kufumba na kufumbua. Maandishi haya yanaonesha maendeleo ya uandishi na kitendo.
Bila shaka Bwana Muhammed ni fundi wa usimulizi. Lakini mimi nina malalamiko mawili makubwa. Kwanza, hajaudhibiti kamili ufundi huu. Kwa mfano, baada ya Musa kumaliza maelezo yake, mwandishi anatwambia (uk. 79): ‘Kiasi dakika kumi zilipita, kimya kilitawala ukumbi mzima wa Baniani. Husikii kitu ila labda tik tik ya saa ikitokea upande wa ndani tu.’ Ni wazi kuwa haiwezekani kuweko dakika kumi za ukimya mahali kama hapa. Kwani kimya hiki si kimya cha kawaida, ni kimya chenye mivumo ambayo haiwezi kukaa kwenye ukimya au katika hali ya wasiwasi kama hiyo kwa muda mrefu kama huo. Mwandishi kajiandikia tu bila ya kufikiri.
Maelezo kama haya yamo mengi katika kitabu hiki. Vilevile tukiangalia mikogo ya Musa inayovuka mpaka katika sehemu ya mwisho ya kitabu, twaona kwamba Musa anajikwatua na kiko chake na kujipanua mpaka msomaji akawa hapendezwi tena.
Lalamiko la pili linahusu msingi wa hiki kitabu. Hiki kitabu kimetawaliwa na kimejengwa juu ya mithali ya Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes na Watson-Musa na Najum. Kuiga si
jambo baya, lakini kuna miigo ya namna mbalimbali. Inapokuwa kuiga ni
kubadilisha majina na mahali, basi kuiga huko ni kubaya. Mwigo huu ndio mwigo
alioufanya Bwana Muhammed. Badala ya Sherlock Holmes ametafuta jina
jingine-Musa. Akambadilisha rangi. Sherlock Holmes akaweka Unguja. Akamwita Musa,
Mwafrika. Tukisoma kitabu hiki inakuwa vigumu sana kukubali kuwa yeye ni mtu wa
Unguja. Nalo hilo si ajabu. Kwani yeye ni Mzungu mweusi. Kumpa mtu jina la
Kiafrika na rangi nyeusi na umbile la Kiafrika siyo kumfanya kiumbe huyo awe
Mwafrika hasa katika ulimwengu wa kubuni. Kwani fikra na thamani, na utamaduni
wa mtu vile vile ni sehemu kuu ya kiumbe. Musa anaonekana Mwafriks. Lakini utamaduni
wake na ustaarabu wake ni wa kigeni. Yeye ni Mzungu mweusi.
Sina shaka yoyote kuwa
Bwana Muhammed anataka sisi tumpende Musa. Lakini kioo cha tabia alichotuwekea
kina kasoro fulani kama nilivyoonesha hapo juu. Fikra za Mzungu mweusi si fikra
njema za kuiga.
Hoja inatolewa kuwa
Bwana Muhammed hakuandika kitabu hiki kama mafunzo juu ya tabia. Yeye kataka
kuandika hadithi ya upelelezi. Lengo lake si kuhutubia bali kufurahisha. Maoni yangu
juu ya hoja kama hizi ni haya.
Ikiwa lengo ni
kufurahisha na kuandika hadithi ya upelelezi, mwandishi anaweza kuandika
hadithi ya upelelezi yenye mizizi ya hapa hapa Tanzania. Hapa upelelezi
unafanywa sana na polisi lakini sio upelelezi namna hiyo. Habari hii ya
mpelelezi wa siri (private detective), mwaka 1957, katika kisiwa cha Unguja ni
habari ngeni, tena ni vigumu kusadikika.
Haikubaliki kuwa wakati
huo, mwaka 1957, walikuwapo wapelelezi wa siri wa namna hii. ‘Mpelelezi wa siri’
ni mtu mwenye kuuza uwezo wake wa upelelezi kwa wale wanaouhitaji. Ni jambo la
kuuza na kununua. Mpelelezi huyo anauza. Hivyo lazima awepo mnunuzi wa
upelelezi huo. Lazima iwepo haja ya upelelezi kama huo kabla ya kuwepo
mpelelezi kama huyo. Haja hii hutokeaje? Nchi huwa na mauaji au maasi mengine
ambayo polisi peke yao hawawezi kuyachunguza. Pengine watu wanataka kupelelezi
mambo fulani fulani kwa siri. Haya yanasababisha haja ya mpelelezi wa siri. Mauaji
mengi au maasi mengine ni alama ya miji mikubwa kama London, New York,
Johannesburg, au hata Nairobi. Ukubwa wa nchi, wingi wa watu, mandeleo na
ustaarabu wa kisasa-haya yote yanasababisha maasi. Na maasi nayo yanasababisha
haja ya mpelelezi wa siri.
Unguja, mwaka 1957,
haikutimiza sharti hizi. Sisemi kuwa Unguja kulikuwa hakuna maasi, bali
haukuwapo wingi wa maasi hata ukasababisha haja ya kuwapo mpelelezi kama huyu.
Hebu tujiulize huyu
Musa anafanya kazi gani (pale anapokuwa hapelelezi)? Anapataje chakula chake? Je,
analipwa kwa upelelezi aufanyao? Hii ni kazi inayompa fedha ya kuendesha
maisha? Maswali haya hayajibiwi. Tunaambiwa tu kuwa Musa ni mpelelezi hodari. Na
sisi lazima tuamini.
Kwa ufupi maoni yangu
juu ya maandishi ya Bwana Muhammed Said Abdulla ni haya. Bwana Muhammed ni
mwandishi mwenye ustadi na ubingwa wa kuandika. Lakini ubingwa wake bado
hajaumiliki sawa sawa. Tena ni jambo la kusikitisha kuwa ufundi huu umejiruhusu
kutawaliwa moja kwa moja na mithali ya kigeni.
REJEA
Uchambuzi wa Maandishi
ya Kiswahili (1996) Dar es Salaam. DUP. Kimehaririwa na Farouk. M. Topan.
Mwl Maeda
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