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FASIHI YA KIAFRIKA

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FASIHI YA KIAFRIKA
#1
Fasihi ya Kiafrika
Fasihi ya Kiafrika inamaanisha maandiko kuhusu na kutoka Afrika. Kama Yusufu George anavyodokeza katika ukurasa wa kwanza wa sura yake kuhusu Fasihi ya Afrika katika kitabu “Understanding Contemporary Africa”, ‘ wakati mtizamo wa fasihi ya Ulaya kwa ujumla inahusu herufi zilizoandikwa, dhana ya Afrika inahusisha pia fasihi simulizi. 
Kama anavyoendelea kuandika, wakati maoni ya Ulaya kuhusu fasihi yalisisitiza mgawanyo wa sanaa na maudhui, mwamko wa Afrika unajumuisha:
“Fasihi” inaweza pia kuashiria matumizi ya maneno kisanaa kwa ajili ya sanaa pekee. Bila kukana jukumu muhimu la somo la sanaa katika Afrika, tunapaswa kukumbuka kwamba, tangu jadi, Waafrika huwa hawatenganishi sanaa na kufundisha. Badala ya kuandika au kuimba kwa sababu ya uzuri uliomo, waandishi wa Afrika, kwa kufuata fasihi simulizi, hutumia uzuri kusaidia kuwasiliana ukweli na taarifa muhimu na jamii. Hakika, kitu huchukuliwa kizuri kwa sababu ya ukweli kinachoonyesha na jamii kinachosaidia kujenga.
Maandiko ya kale
Misri ya Kale ulikuwa miongoni mwa tamaduni za kale zaidi za Kiafrika zenye desturi ya kuandika, ambao baadhi ya maandishi yake yaliyotumia picha na alamakuashiria kitu au jambo huishi mpaka leo. Kazi kama vile Kitabu cha Wafu cha Misri kawaida hutumiwa na wasomi kama rejeleo la msingi la imani ya kidini ya Misri ya kale na sherehe.
Maandiko ya Kinubi yanakubalika lakini kwa wakati huu hayasomeki. Awali yaliandikwa kwa kutumia picha na alama na hatimaye kwa kutumia alfabeti yenye herufi 23, kutafsiri kumekuwa kugumu.
Fasihi simulizi
Fasihi simulizi inaweza kuwa katika nathari au ushairi.
Mara nyingi, nathari huwa hadithi au historia na inaweza kujumuisha hekaya zenye wahusika bandia. Wasimulizi katika Afrika wakati mwingine hutumia mbinu ya maswali-na-majibu kusimulia hadithi zao.
Mashairi, ambayo mara nyingi huimbwa, hujumuisha: masimulizi ya visa, aya ya shughuli, aya ya kidini, mashairi ya kusifu watawala na watu wengine maarufu. Waimbaji wa sifa husimulia hadithi zao kwa kuimba. Nyimbo za mapendo, za kazi, za watoto, misemo, mithali na vitendawili pia husomwa au huimbwa.
Kwa ujumla fasihi simulizi huundwa kwa tanzu kuu nne (4) ambazo ni: Hadithi/Nathari, Ushairi/Nudhumu, Semi na sanaa za maigizo. Na kila utanzu una vipera vyake.
Fasihi kabla ya Ukoloni
Mifano ya fasihi ya Kiafrika kabla ya ukoloni ni mingi. Fasihi simulizi ya Afrika ya magharibi inajumuisha visa vya Sundiata vilivyotungwa katika Mali ya kale, Visa vya zamani vya Dinga kutoka Dola la kale la Ghana.
Nchini Ethiopia, iliyoandika awali kwa herufi za Ge’ez ni Kebra Negast au Kitabu cha Wafalme.
Aina moja maarufu ya ngano za kiafrika ni hadithi za “ulaghai”, ambapo wanyama wadogo hutumia akili zao kushinda mapambano na wanyama wakubwa. Mifano wa wanyama laghai ni pamoja na Anansi, buibui katika ngano za Waashanti kutoka Ghana; Ijàpá, kobe katika ngano za Wayoruba kutoka Nigeria; na Sungura, ambaye hupatikana katika ngano za Afrika ya Mashariki na Afrika ya kati.
Kazi nyingine zilizoandikwa ni tele, yaani katika Afrika kaskazini, kanda ya Sahel ya Afrika magharibi na pwani ya Kiswahili. Kutoka Timbuktu peke yake, kuna nakala300,000 au zaidi zilizowekwa katika maktaba mbalimbali na mikusanyiko ya binafsi, hasa zilizoandikwa kwa Kiarabu, lakini baadhi yazo katika lugha za wenyeji (yaani Peul na Songhai). Nyingi ziliandikiwa katika Chuo Kikuu maarufu cha Timbuktu. Kazi hizi zinaongelea mada nyingi, ambazo ni pamoja na Unajimu, Ushairi, Sheria, Historia, Imani, Siasa na Falsafa miongoni mwa nyingine.
Fasihi ya Kiswahili vilevile, imehamasishwa na mafundisho ya Kiislamu lakini ilikua katika mazingira ya kienyeji. Kati ya vipande vya fasihi ya Kiswahili vinavyojulikana na vya kitambo sana kimojawapo ni Utendi wa Tambuka au “Hadithi ya Tambuka”.
Katika nyakati za Kiislamu, Waafrika wa Magharibi kama vile ibn Khaldun walitia fora sana katika fasihi ya Kiarabu. Afrika Kaskazini ya kale ilinufaisha Vyuo vikuu kama vile vya Fez na Cairo, kwa kiasi kikubwa mno cha maandiko ili kuongeza yao.
Fasihi ya Kiafrika wakati wa ukoloni
Kazi nzuri za Kiafrika zinazojulikana Ulaya kutoka kipindi cha ukoloni na kile cha biashara ya utumwa ni za masimulizi ya utumwa, kama vile The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) cha Olaudah Equiano.
Katika kipindi cha ukoloni, Waafrika walioathiriwa na lugha za Ulaya walianza kuandika katika lugha hizo. Mwaka 1911, Yusufu Efraimu Casely-Hayford (ajulikanaye pia kama Ekra-Agiman) kutoka Pwani ya Dhahabu (sasa Ghana) alichapisha ile ambayo pengine ni riwaya ya kwanza ya Kiafrika kuandikwa kwa Kimombo, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation [9] Ingawa kazi hii iligusia hadithi na utetezi wa kisiasa, uchapishaji na kupitiwa upya na wanahabari wa Ulaya kulimaanisha wakati muhimu katika fasihi ya Kiafrika.
Katika kipindi hiki, tamthilia za Kiafrika zilianza kuibuka. Herbert Isaka Ernest Dhlomo wa Afrika ya Kusini alichapisha tamthilia ya kwanza ya Kiafrika kwa Kiingerezakatika mwaka wa 1935. Mwaka 1962, Ngugi wa Thiong’o kutoka Kenya aliandika mchezo wa kuigiza wa kwanza wa Afrika ya Mashariki, The Black Hermit, hadithi iliyohadhari “ukabila” (ubaguzi kati ya makabila ya Afrika).
Fasihi ya Afrika mwishoni mwa kipindi cha ukoloni (kati ya mwisho wa Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza Vya Dunia na uhuru) iliendelea kuonesha mandhari ya ukombozi, uhuru, na (walau kati ya Waafrika kwenye maeneo yaliyotawaliwa na Ufaransa) kutambua weusi wa Waafrika. Mmoja wa viongozi wa harakati za kutambua weusi, mshairi na hatimaye Rais wa Senegal, Sédar Léopold Senghor, alichapisha mkusanyo wa kwanza wa mashairi ya lugha ya Kifaransa yaliyoandikwa na Waafrika mwaka 1948, Anthologie de la Nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue Française, akishirikisha utangulizi kutoka kwa mwandishi wa Kifaransa Jean-Paul Sartre. [10]
Si kwamba waandishi wa fasihi ya Afrika wakati huo walikuwa mbali na masuala waliyoyakabili. Wengi, kwa hakika, waliteswa kwa undani na pia kwa kuelekezwa: akilaaniwa kwa kuyaweka kando majukumu yake ya kisanaa ili kushiriki kikamilifu katika mapambano, Christopher Okigbo aliuawa katika vita vya Biafra dhidi ya wanaharakati wa Nigeria katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya miaka ya 1960; Mongane Wally Serote aliwekwa kizuizini kati ya miaka 1969 na 1970 chini ya sheria ya Afrika Kusini juu ya Ugaidi ya mwaka 1967, na hatimaye kutolewa bila hata kujibu mashtaka; mwananchi mwenzake Arthur Norje alijiuamjini London mwaka 1970; Jack Mapanje wa Malawi aliwekwa kizuizini bila kesi au tuhuma kwa sababu ya matamko aliyotoa katika baa ya chuo kikuu; na, mwaka 1995, Ken saro-Wiwaalikufa kwa kutiwa kitanzi na serikali ya wanajeshi ya Nigeria.
Fasihi ya Afrika baada ya ukoloni
Kwa ukombozi na kuongezeka kwa kusoma na kuandika kwani mataifa mengi ya Afrika yalipata uhuru wao katika miaka ya 1950 na hasa miaka ya 1960, fasihi ya Afrika imekua kwa kasi kwa wingi na kwa umaarufu, kwa kazi nyingi za Afrika kuonekana katika mitaala ya elimu ya Ulaya na katika orodha ya “vitabu bora” vilivyoandikwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20. Waandishi wa Afrika katika kipindi hiki waliandika katika lugha za Ulaya (hasa Kiingereza, Kifaransa na Kireno) na pia lugha za jadi za Afrika.
Ali A. Mazrui na wengine hutaja migogoro saba kama mandhari: Farakano kati ya Afrika iliyopita na iliyopo, kati ya Utamaduni na Usasa, kati ya wazawa na wageni, kati ya kujijali na kujali jamii, kati ya Ujamaa na Ubepari, kati ya maendeleo na kujitegemea na kati ya Uafrika na ubinadamu. [11]
Mandhari mengine katika kipindi hiki ni pamoja na matatizo ya kijamii kama vile ufisadi, tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya nchi ambazo zimepata uhuru majuzi, na haki na majukumu ya wanawake. Waandishi wa kike wamewakilishwa vyema katika fasihi ya Afrika iliyochapishwa kuliko walivyokuwa kabla ya uhuru.
Mwaka 1986, Wole Soyinka alikuwa mwandishi wa Afrika wa kwanza baada ya uhuru kushinda Tuzo la Nobel katika fasihi, ingawa Camus Albert, mzaliwa wa Algeria, alipokea tuzo hilo katika mwaka 1957.
Tuzo la Noma
Tuzo la Noma, lilianza mwaka wa 1980, hupatiwa kwa kazi bora ya mwaka katika fasihi ya Afrika.
Riwaya Kuu za Afrika
  • Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (Nigeria)
  • Nuruddin Farah, From a Crooked Rib (Somalia)
  • Alan Paton, Cry, The Beloved Country (Afrika ya Kusini)
  • Gracy Ukala, Dizzy Angel (Nigeria)
  • Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa, Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo irunmalẹ (The Forest of a Thousand Demons) (Nigeria)
  • Dalene Matthee, Kringe katika ‘n bos (Circles in a forest) (Afrika ya Kusini)
  • Mariama Ba, si longue Une lettre (Barua Ndefu Kama Hii) (Senegal)
  • Sembène Ousmane, Xala (Senegal)
  • Ngugi wa Thiong’o, A Grain of Wheat (Kenya)
  • Benjamin Sehene, Le Feu sous la Soutane (Fire under the Cassock) (Rwanda)
  • Thomas Mofolo, Chaka (Afrika ya Kusini / Lesotho)
  • Tsitsi Dangarembga, Nervous Conditions (Zimbabwe)
  • Dambudzo Marechera, The House of Hunger (Zimbabwe / Rhodesia)
  • Yvonne Vera, Butterfly Burning (Zimbabwe)
  • Mia Couto, Terra Sonâmbula (A Sleepwalking Land) (Msumbiji)
  • Ayi Kwei Armah, The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born (Ghana)
  • Ben Okri|Ben Okri, The Famished Road (Nigeria)
  • JM Coetzee|JM Coetzee, soni (Afrika ya Kusini)
  • Bessie Head, “When Rain Clouds Gather” (Botswana)
  • Sarah Ladipo Manyika, In Dependence (Nigeria)
  • Chimamanda Ngoye Adichie, Half of a Yellow Sun (Nigeria)
  • Charles Mangua, A Tail in the Mouth (Kenya)
  • Camara Laye, The Tadiance of teh King (Guinea)
  • Nnedi Okorafor, Zahrah ya Windseeker (Nigeria)
  • Monenembo Tierno, King of Kahel (Guinea)
  • Sefi Atta, Everything Good Will Come (Nigeria)
Washairi wakuu wa Afrika
  • Antjie Krog (Afrika Kusini)
  • Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
  • Georges Andriamanantena (Rado) (Madagaska)
  • Ama Ata Aidoo (Ghana)
  • Jared Angira (Kenya)
  • Kofi Anyidoho (Ghana)
  • Kofi Awoonor (Ghana)
  • Sahlesillasse Birhanemariam (Ethiopia)
  • Dennis Brutus (Afrika Kusini)
  • Glynn Burridge (Shelisheli)
  • Abena Busia (Ghana)
  • John Pepper Clark (Nigeria)
  • José Craveirinha (Msumbiji)
  • Viriato Clemente da Cruz (Angola)
  • Tsegaye Gebremedhin (Ethiopia)
  • Abbe Gubenga (Ethiopia)
  • Don Mattera (Afrika Kusini)
  • Jonathan Kariara (Kenya)
  • Joseph Kariuki (Kenya)
  • Susan Kiguli (Uganda)
  • Ahmadou Kourouma (Ivory Coast)
  • Togara Muzanenhamo (Zimbabwe)
  • Arthur Nortje (Afrika Kusini)
  • Gabriel Okara (Nigeria)
  • Ingrid Jonker (Afrika Kusini)
  • Patricia Jabbeh Wesley (Liberia)
  • K. Moses Nagbe (Liberia)
  • Bai Tamia Moore (Liberia)
  • Prof. Jack Mapanje (Malawi)
  • Nii Parkes (Ghana)
  • Christopher Okigbo (Nigeria)
  • Ben Okri (Nigeria)
  • Okot P’Bitek (Uganda)
  • Lenrie Peters (Gambia)
  • Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (Madagaska)
  • Jacques Rabemananjara (Madagaska)
  • Elie Rajaonarison (Madagaska)
  • Breyten Breytenbach (Afrika Kusini)
  • Ny Avana Ramanantoanina (Madagaska)
  • Pierre Randrianarisoa (Madagaska)
  • Jean Verdi Salomon Razakandraina (Dox)(Madagaska)
  • David Rubadiri (Malawi, Uganda)
  • Léopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal)
  • Véronique Tadjo (Ivory Coast)
  • Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)
  • Hadraawi (Somalia)
  • Dagnachew Werku (Ethiopia)
  • Bewketu Seyoum (Ethiopia)
  • Adam Small (Afrika Kusini)
  • Getinet Eniyew (Ethiopia)
  • Debede Seyfu (Ethiopia)
  • Eugene Marais (Afrika Kusini)
  • Arménio Vieira (Cape Verde)
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