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KEJELI KATIKA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI – TANZANIA (2)

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KEJELI KATIKA FASIHI YA KISWAHILI – TANZANIA (2)
#1
1.      Utangulizi
Katika
fasihi ya Kiswahili, zipo kazi nyingi ambazo zimejikita katika dhana ya kejeli.
Kejeli katika kazi hizo imetumika kuielezea historia ya Tanzania kuanzia kabla
ya uhuru, baada ya uhuru, baada ya Azimio la Arusha na hata hivi sasa. Katika
fasihi ya Kiswahili, kazi hizo ni nyingi kiasi kwamba ni vigumu kuzipitia zote
katika makala haya. Makala haya yatajaribu kuzichambua baadhi tu ya kazi na
nadharia za magwiji wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Kazi hizo zitakazochambuliwa ni:
Miradi Bubu ya Wazalendo (Ruhumbika 1995); Mashairi ya Cheka Cheka, Chungu Tamu
na Raha Karaha (Mvungi 1995, 1985 & 1978); Nuru Mpya, (Rutashobya 1980);
Pepo ya Mabwege (Mwakyembe 1980); Kaputula la Marx (Kezilahabi 1999); Karibu
Ndani (Kezilahabi 1988); Fungate ya Uhuru (Khatibu 1988); Lina Ubani (Muhando
1984); na Kijiji Chetu (Ngahyoma 1975).
Kwa
hali hiyo, waandishi hawa wameichora kejeli kwa kutumia fikra mbalimbali zikiwa
ni pamoja na kuwatumia wahusika wa ushairi, riwaya na tamthilia. Taswira,
ujumbe na hata mpangilio wa maudhui ya kazi za waandishi wa fasihi vimelenga
katika kuwasema watu hawa waliobeba dhamana kubwa kwa jamii zao. Kwa kuzingatia
maudhui ya kazi zao, waandishi hawa wametuonesha madhara ya uongozi mbaya,
madhara ya rushwa, ubadhirifu wa mali ya umma, n.k. Na kuweka mikakati ya namna
ya kuudhibiti uongozi kama huo kwa njia ya kejeli.
Makala
haya yatajikita katika kuelezea jinsi baadhi ya waandishi wa kazi za fasihi
walivyokuwa mahiri katika kutumia mbinu ya kejeli wakati wa kuandika kazi zao
za wakati huo. Makala yataangalia pia jinsi kejeli hizo zilivyoibua maudhui ya
dhana nzima.
2. Kejeli na fasihi
Kejeli
hutumia nafasi kubwa katika jamii si katika mazungumzo ya kila siku tu, bali pia
namna
wanajamii wanavyoyatoa mawazo yao katika uwanja wa mawasiliano. Kwa maneno mengine,
tunaweza kusema kwamba, ni mojawapo ya mbinu zinazotawala mazungumzo ya wanajamii
ya kila siku. Kejeli hujengwa katika msingi wa kuwepo na msigano au mgongano wa
namna fulani kati ya hali ya maisha na matarajio ya baadae ya wanaohusika.
Katika
fasihi mbinu ya kejeli hupatikana katika mawanda mapana na ya aina mbalimbali.
Kuna kejeli ambayo zinapatikana zaidi katika utanzu wa tamthilia kuliko katika
riwaya (ingawa hii haimaanishi kuwa haijitokezi kabisa katika riwaya). Aidha
zipo kejeli zinazojengwa kwa matumuzi ya maneno yenye kutegemea mgongano wa
hali au jaala ambayo tutayaangalia baadaye.
Kundi
la kwanza na ambalo ni la asilia katika fasihi, lenye kubeba mzigo mkubwa wa
kejeli ni fasihi simulizi. Kundi hili lina tanzu, zilizogawanywa katika makundi
makuu manne: hadithi, ushairi, semi na sanaa za maonyesho. Hata hivyo, kila
utanzu umegawanywa katika vikundi vidogovidogo vijulikanavyo kama vipera.
Vipera tutakavyoviangalia zaidi katika makala haya ni vile vya semi na vya
sanaa za maonyesho.
Vipera
vya semi katika fasihi simulizi ni methali, vitendawili, nahau, misemo na
misimu. Wamitila (2008: 410) anasema kuwa kejeli ya kiusemi inaelezwa kama ni
kejeli ya msingi sana na hutokea pale ambapo pana mkinzano fulani baina ya kile
kinachosemwa na uhalisia wenyewe. Anasema kwamba, uelewaji wa kejeli ya kiusemi
huhitaji msemaji na msikilizaji au hadhira kuwa na hisia au mwelekeo fulani
kuhusu mada inayozungumziwa.
Maneno
ya Wamitila yana ukweli ndani yake kwa sababu si rahisi kwa jamii yenye
utamaduni usiofanana na jamii nyingine kuelewa barabara semi za kejeli vizuri
sawasawa na jamii husika. Vipera vingine kama methali, vitendawili, nahau na
vinginevyo hutumia sanaa mahsusi kuipa lugha uhai (Mtesigwa 1989), zenye kutoa
mafunzo mazito yanayotokana na uzoefu wa jamii (Mulokozi 1989), misemo
itumiwayo hueleza kitu kwa njia ya picha na kwa ufupi ili kutoa adili au onyo
(Balisidya 1982). Hapa pia tunaweza kukutana na kejeli ya dhihaka ambayo msingi
wake mkuu unajengwa juu ya kejeli ya kiusemi. Kejeli hii hujitokeza pale maneno
msemaji anayoyasema hayamaanishi tu kinyume chake bali yanakusudiwa kumfanya
msemwaji akereke, audhike, akosoleke au arekebike yanapozungumzwa. Kwa mfano
kauli kama: huku kweli ndiko kupendana kwetu. Hapa msemaji anatumia kejeli,
hamaanishi kupendana kwa kweli bali huku kweli ndiko na kupendana kwetu
kunaufanya uwe kejeli na dhihaka ndani mwa usemi huo.
Vipera
vya sanaa za maonyesho havitegemei semi au maneno yasemwayo tu bali hutegemea
pia maneno yaandikwayo pamoja na sifa nyingine zinazohusiana kuona zisizokuwa
za kimaneno au semi. Hapa tunaweza kukutana na majigambo, matambiko, ngoma,
miviga (sherehe), kejeli (kinaya) na mengine mengi ambayo hatuhitaji
kuyachanganua.
Kundi
jingine ambalo linapatikana katika mawanda ya fasihi, na ambalo ndilo msingi
wetu mkuu ni lile linaloweza hata likahifadhiwa katika maandishi. Tanzu za
kundi hili ni riwaya, tamthiliya, hadithi, novela, tawasifu, hadithi fupi na
ushairi. Katika kuliangalia kundi hili, tunaona kwamba, kuna kejeli ambazo
zinapatikana sana katika kundi moja kuliko kundi jingine. Mathalani, katika
utanzu wa tamthiliya, kejeli inapatikana na kutumika zaidi kuliko katika tanzu
za riwaya, hadithi, novela, tawasifu, hadithi fupi na ushairi. Hapa
hatumaanishi kwamba kejeli hazitumiki katika tanzu hizo, bali hutumika kwa
kiwango kidogo sana.
Wamitila
(2008: 409) anatuambia kwamba:
zipo kejeli ambazo hujengwa kwa
matumizi ya maneno (nyenzo) tofauti na nyingine ambayo hutegemea mgongano wa
hali au jaala.
Hapa
tunakiri kwamba, pamoja na kuwepo kwa matatizo na ugumu mkubwa katika kuainisha
na kugawa makundi mbalimbali ya kejeli katika fasihi, makala yatatazama kejeli
kwa kutumia tanzu chache tu za fasihi kama msingi wa kuainisha na kuonyesha
uwepo wake.
Kama
tulivyokwisha kuona mizizi ya kejeli inaanzia katika semi na kumalizikia katika
sanaa za maonyesho. Kejeli ni usemi au maneno yanayoumiza yasemwapo,
yazungumzwapo na hata yaandikwapo. Hapa tunamaanisha kuwa, kejeli yaweza kuwa
aidha maneno au semi inayokusudiwa kumgusa mtu kwa njia ya waziwazi ambapo
aghalabu ni kwa nia ya kufichua ubaya au udhaifu fulani alionao mhusika fulani,
ama maneno au semi ambapo kuna kinyume fulani katika usemi, hali au tukio
fulani. Kwa mfano, mtu fulani amepatwa na janga fulani, marafiki zake huweza
kufurahishwa sana na janga hile lililompata moyoni. Ila kwa upande mwingine,
usoni marafiki hawa hawaoneshi kufurahishwa kwao na hayo mabaya yaliyompata,
bali wanajionesha kuwa wako pamoja naye katika huzuni yake hiyo. Hapa tunaona
kuwa, ile hali ya kujionesha kuwa marafiki zake wapo pamoja naye katika huzuni,
inageuka kuwa furaha kwa yale yaliyompata.
Kwa
upande mwingine tunaweza kuona kejeli nyingine kwa mfano mhusika fulani anamcheka
mhusika mwingine aliyepatwa na matatizo fulani kama msiba fulani ilhali msiba
kama huohuo unamtokea na yeye (na labda yeye mwenyewe hajui). Hii ni kejeli
ambapo utokeaji wa jambo au mambo unakwenda kinyume na hali au matarajio ya
msomaji au mhusika anayepatikana katika kazi fulani.
 
Kwa
kupitia mifano ya kejeli tuliyoona hapo juu, tunaweza kuhitimisha kwamba,
mwandishi huweza kutumia kejeli kufikisha ujumbe wake kwa hadhira iliyokusudiwa
bila kuiathiri hadhira yenyewe. Maudhui na ujumbe wa mwandishi uliobebwa na
kejeli kwa hadhira yanaweza kutimizwa na kuirekebisha jamii ili iende sambamba
na maadili yaliyokusudiwa. 
Mwl Maeda
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