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HADHI NA NAFASI YA FASIHI ANDISHI YA KISWAHILI KITAIFA NA KIULIMWENGU

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HADHI NA NAFASI YA FASIHI ANDISHI YA KISWAHILI KITAIFA NA KIULIMWENGU
#1
Utangulizi
Kadri jamii inavyobadilika ndivyo na historia inavyobadilika. Yote haya yanakwenda katika usambamba sawia. Hivyo kilichopo leo kinaweza kuwa sawa au tofauti na cha jana na ukweli wa jana waweza kuwa ukweli au uongo wa leo au kesho, kwa maana hiyo jamii na historia yake si tuli (static).
Vivyo hivyo hata katika fasihi ya Kiswahili hususani fasihi andishi. Jinsi jamii inavyobadilika kifikra, kiuchumi, kisiasa na kiutamaduni ndivyo na fasihi inavyobadilika. Kwa mantiki hiyo ni dhahiri kwamba, hata hadhi na nafasi ya fasihi andishi ya leo yaweza kuwa sawa au tofauti na fasihi andishi ya jana, juzi au kesho.
Hivyo basi, fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili tunaweza kuifananisha na kinyonga kutokana na tabia zake za kubadilika badilika kulingana na mazingira fawafu. Mabadiliko hayo huleta tija kubwa sana kwa taifa na jamii kwa ujumla.
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Fasili mbalimbali:
Awali ya yote ni vyema kujua fasili ya dhana za msingi zilizojitokeza katika mada tajwa. Dhana hizo ni pamoja na fasihi ya Kiswahili na fasihi andishi. Kwa kuanza na fasili ya fasihi ya Kiswahili;
Kwa mujibu wa Mulokozi (1996) akiwanukuu Syambo na Mazrui (1992); fasihi ya Kiswahili ni ile iliyoandikwa kwa Kiswahili tu, iwapo inazungumzia utamaduni wa Kiswahili au utamaduni mwiningineo. Maadam fasihi hiyo imetumia lugha ya Kiswahili na imefuata mbinu za ufasaha wa lugha hiyo, basi kwa tafsiri yao ni fasihi ya Kiswahili.
Fasili hii ina mapungufu yafuatayo:
o   Kwanza wanadai kuwa, fasihi ya Kiswahili ni lile tu iliyoandikwa yaani fasihi andishi. Kitu ambacho si cha kweli, kwani ipo fasihi simulizi ya Kiswahili. Hivyo fasili yao inashindwa kufafanua uwepo wa fasihi simulizi ya Kiswahili. Fasihi ambayo ndiyo kongwe kabisa ukilinganisha na fasihi andishi.
o   Pili wanadai kuwa kazi yoyote ile ikiandikwa kwa Kiswahili basi ni fasihi ya Kiswahili hata kama ikaelezea utamaduni wa watu wengine.
Hivyo basi, kutokana na mapungufu hayo, tunaweza kusema kwamba; fasihi ya Kiswahili ni ile ambayo imeandikwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na inahusu au inaelezee utamaduni wa waswahili. Kwa mantiki hiyo, tunaweza kuhitimisha kuwa kuna fasihi ya Kiswahili na fasihi kwa Kiswahili.
Dhana ya pili ambayo nayo ni muhimu kufasili ni fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili. Hii tunaweza kuifasili kama ifuatavyo: Ni sanaa ya lugha iliyotungwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na kuwasilishwa kwa hadhira (wasomaji) kwa njia ya maandishi yenye kuelezea utamaduni na jadi wa waswahili.
Maana ya Hadhi na Nafasi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili:
Hivyo basi, baada ya kuangalia fasili hizo sasa tuangalie kwa kina hadhi na nafasi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kupitia mifano mbalimbali kutoka katika fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili.
Ili tuweze kujua hadhi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili ni vyema kwanza kujua nini maana ya hadhi. Hadhi katika maana ya kawaida ni ile hali inayomfanya mtu ajiheshimu na aheshimiwe; heshima.
Katika muktadha wa kifasihi tunaweza kusema kuwa, hadhi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili ni ile hali au namna ambavyo fasihi ya Kiswahili inavyochukuliwa/inavyoonekana. Je ina hadhi ya juu kati au chini?
Nadharia ya Msambao na hadhi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kitaifa na kiulimwengu:
Hivyo basi, tunapoizungumzia hadhi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili hususani fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili ni vyema kuhusianisha dhana hii na nadharia ya msambao “Diffusionism Theory”
 iliyoongozwa na mawazo ya ushawishi wa Grimms na Thompson.
Wanamsambao wanaamini kuwa, pale ambapo kazi mbili za fasihi toka jamii mbili tofauti zikifanana kimuundo au kimaudhui sababu ya ufanano huo ni kuwa, katika kipindi fulani hapo zamani, jamii hizo mbili ziliwahi kukutana kwa namna fulani na makutano baina ya jamii hizo yalisababisha hali ya kuazimiana kwa baadhi ya mila na desturi. Kwa hiyo uwepo wa fasihi andishi katika jamii ya waswahili  ulitokana na mwingiliano baina ya wageni na wenyeji.
Hiyo basi, uingiaji huu wa fasihi andishi katika jamii ya waswahili huonesha kuwa, hapo awali hakukuwa na fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili wala hadhi yake. Hadhi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili imeanza kujitokeza baadaye na kujidhihirihsa kupitia nyanja mbalimbali kama vile elimu, utamaduni, jamii na hata siasa.
Kwa mantiki hiyo, tunaweza kuitazama hadhi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili katika nyanja ya elimu kuanzia ngazi ya astashahada (cheti), stashahada, shahada, uzamili mpaka uzamifu.
Katika ngazi ya cheti yaani shule za msingi, sekondari na vyuo vya daraja la tatu fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili inahadhi kubwa sana. Kwa mfano, katika elimu ya msingi zipo kazi mbalimbali za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kama vile ushairi; mfano “Sizitaki Mbichi Hizi”, “Mama wa Kambo ni Mama”, “Karudi baba mmoja” na “Shairi la Moto na Maji”. Vilevile hata katika hadithi fupi kuna hadithi ya “Tola ala Gizani”, “Manenge na Mandawa”, “Nikiwa mkubwa” nk.
    Kwa upande wa elimu ya sekondari, kidato cha kwanza mpaka cha sita kazi nyingi za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili zinajidhihirisha kama ifuatavyo: kwa mfano; ushairi, (Mashairi ya Chekacheka, Wasakatonge, Kimbunga, Mapenzi Bora, Diwani ya Mloka, nk.), riwaya (Kiu ya Haki, Takadini, Vuta Nkuvute, nk.), tamthilia (Kwenye Ukingo wa Thim, Orodha, Ngoswe Penzi Kitovu cha Uzembe, Kivuli Kinaishi, Mfalme Juha, nk.)
    Pia hata katika ngazi ya elimu ya juu bado kazi hizi za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili zina hadhi kubwa na umuhimu mkubwa sana katika jamii ndio maana tunaona zinajitokeza kata huku. Kwa mfano; kuna kazi za ushairi kama vile Dhifa, Tenzi tatu za kale, Insha na Mashairi, nk.
      Pia kuna riwaya kama vile: Moto wa Mianzi, Rosa Mistika, Nagona, Adili na Nduguze, Mzingile, Ufunguo Wenye Hazina nk.
      Vilevile kuna tamthilia kama vile; Amezidi, Aliyeonja Pepo, Jogoo Kijijini na Ngao ya Jadi,Ngoma ya Ng’wanamalundi, Lina Ubani, Mkutano wa Pili wa Ndege, nk.
   Licha ya hayo, pia tunaweza kuitazama hadhi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili katika nyanja ya kijamii; fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili inahadhi kubwa sana. Hii ni kutokana na kazi mbalimbali zinazosomwa na jamii kupitia vitabu, majarida na hata magazeti. Kupitia kazi hizi hadithi mbalimbali zinasomwa na watu wanajipatia maarifa tofauti tofauti.
     Vilevile hadhi ya fasihi inajibainisha hata katika utamaduni kupitia kazi mbalimbali, kwa mfano; fasihi andishi imepiga hatua kubwa sana katika kuenzi na kuendeleza utamaduni na historia ya makabila mbalimbali kitaifa. Mfano; zipo kazi za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kama vile vitabu ambavyo huelezea utamaduni pamoja na historia ya waswahili. Kwa mfano; Moto wa Mianzi (historia ya wahehe), Utenzi wa Nyakirukibi (historia ya wahaya) nk.
     Licha ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kuwa na hadhi kubwa kitaifa kupitia nyanja hizo bado fasihi hii inaonesha juhudi za maendeleo yake na kuzidi kujipatia umaarufu katika shughuli mbalimbali kama ifuatavyo:
  Katika kuhitimisha maadhimisho ya miaka 50 ya Chuo Kikuu cha DSM tarehe 25/10/2012 waandishi mbalimbali wa fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili walitunukiwa tuzo ya uandishi bora. Kwa mfano; Ibrahimu Hussein, S. Mohammed Ahamed, Luhumbika, Penina Muhando na E. Kezilahabi.
      Vilevile katika kongamano la kimataifa la Kiswahili lililofanyika Blue Peal Hotel tarehe 04 hadi 06 /10/2012 waandishi mbalimbali walipata tuzo kutokana na kazi zao za uandishi. Pia robo tatu ya kazi zilizowasilishwa zilikuwa za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili. Vilevile Balozi wa Kenya nchini Tanzania, alizindua kitabu chake alichokiandika kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwenye Kongamano hilo.
   Pia fasihi imepelekea kupanuka kwa idara ya Kiswahili ambapo kumekuwa na idara mbili ambazo ni Idara ya Lugha ya Kiswahili na Isimu pamoja na Idara ya Fasihi Mawasiliano na Uchapishaji. Maendeleo mazuri ya Idara ya Kiswahili yamechangiwa na wingi wa kazi za fasihi andishi, kwani robo tatu ya machapisho yote ni fasihi andishi.
v  Hadhi ya fasihi ya kiswahili kiulimwengu. Kwa kweli si jambo rahisi sana kusema kuwa fasihi ya Kiswahili hususani fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili inahadhi ya chini au juu. Ila kwa ujumla tunaweza kusema kwamba hadhi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kiulimwengu haiko nyuma sana imepiga hatua kidogo japo si kwa kiasi kikubwa.
  Kwa mfano hadhi ya fasihi ya kiswahili kiulimwengu; fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili inafundishwa katika mataifa mbalimbali kama vile Korea, Afrika Kusini, Ujerumani, Marekani, Botswana, China, Italia nk.
      Vilevile wanafunzi wa kigeni kutoka katika mataifa mbalimbali wanaokuja kwa lengo la kusoma lugha ya Kiswahili, wanasoma kazi mbalimbali za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kama vile hadithi fupi nk.
    Pia zipo kazi mbalimbali za fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili zilizochapishwa nje ya nchi na bado zinaonekana kuwa na thamani sana. Mfano; baadhi ya kazi za mwandishi mashuhuri S. Robert.
v  Nafasi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kiulimwengu na kitaifa:
Nadharia ya sosholojia na nafasi ya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili kitaifa na kiulimwengu
Katika kuangalia nafasi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili kitaifa na kiulimwengu tutazingatia nadharia ya wanasosholojia ambayo waasisi wake ni pamoja na Bronislaw Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe- Brown na Franz Boaz. Wataalam hawa wanaweka mkazo zaidi katika utendaji na msisitizo juu ya dhima ya fasihi katika jamii. Nafasi ya fasihi andishi kitaifa na kiulimwengu ni kama ifuatavyo:
      Kitaifa: fasihi ya Kiswahili kitaifa inanafasi kubwa sana, kwani dhima zake zina halisika katika jamii ya Tanzania na zinaendana na wakati uliopo. Miongoni mwa dhima hizo ni pamoja na kuelimisha, kuburudisha, kukuza uchumi nk.
  Kiulimwengu: kupitia fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili tunao waandishi maarufu ambao ni kama chachu ya maendeleo ya Kiswahili nje na ndani ya jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki kama vile E. Kezilahabi, F. Nkwera, J. Madumulla, I. Husseni, T.Sengo, Kingo, Chachage, Penina Mlama, S. Shaffi, Wamitila, E. Mbogo, Asha Kunemah, nk.
Waandishi hawa wametoa changamoto kubwa sana katika kukikuza na kukieneza Kiswahili pamoja na fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili.
Vilevile kupitia fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili wameonesha mafanikio makubwa katika kazi zao kiuchumi na hata katika ukombozi wa fikra za wanajamii.
Hitimisho:
Pamoja na kwamba, fasihi ya Kiswahili inahadhi na nafasi ya juu kitaifa bado inakabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali kama vile; watanzania wengi hawana utamaduni wa kusoma vitabu vya fasihi andishi ya Kiswahili, vilevile hata serikali haithamini sana mchango wa watunzi mbalimbali wa kazi za fasihi andishi na hii inatokana na kasumba kuwa lugha ya Kiswahili bado inahadhi ya chini hivyo, inapelekea hata kazi zake kutosomwa na watu wengi.
Marejeo:
BAKITA, (2004), Makala ya siku ya Kiswahili Kiswahili na Utandawazi, Dar es salaamu
Mulokozi, M. M. (1996) Utangulizi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili. Dar es Salaam: Chuo Kikuu Huria.
TUKI, (2003) Makala za Semina ya Kimataifa ya Waandishi wa Kiswahili III: Fasihi Dar es Salaam.
TUKI, (2004) Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
Wamitila, K.W. (2003) Kamusi ya Fasihi: Istilahi na Nadharia. Nairobi-Kenya: Focus                                           Publications Ltd.
Wamitila, K. W. (2004) Kichocheo cha Fasihi Simulizi na Andishi. Focus Publications Ltd.
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