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Lugha na utamaduni- Nadharia ya Sapir –Whorf

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Lugha na utamaduni- Nadharia ya Sapir –Whorf
#1
Mnamo karne ya 20 wanaisimu mahiri waitwao Edaward Sapir na Benjamin Whorf walitafiti lugha za Amerindia Amerika kaskazini na kugundua kuwa miundo ya msamiati na ya kisarufi ya lugha hizi haifanani kabisa na ile ya lugha ya kiingereza na lugha nyenginezo za Ulaya na Asia. Hivyo wakapendekeza nadharia isemayo kwamba  Lugha hutawala namna ya wazungumzaji wake waionavyo dunia. Ukichunguza baadhi ya misamiati ya wana lugha fulani utakuta kuwa yapo maneno pekee yanayowakilisha yale wayaonayo mbele ya macho yao au mazingira yao tu na kutokuwepo kwa neno kuna maanisha kwamba jambo hilo halipo ‘machoni’ pao. Sawa na kusema kuwa ‘lisilokuwepo machoni na moyoni halipo’. Nadharia hiyo ya Sapir- Wholf, inayojulikana kama nadharia ya Taathira lugha inaunga mkono mawazo ya awali ya Willian von Humbolt (1767-1835) pale aliposema kuwa ‘lugha ya mtu hutawala mawazo yake’. Si wote wanaokubaliana moja kwa moja na ule mtazamo kuwa lugha hufinyanga uoni wetu wa dunia, wao huchukulia kwamba lugha ‘huakisi’ utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake. Mjadala huu unaendelea na wanafunzi wana fursa ya kuendelea nao na kuuchambua kwa kufatilia kazi mashuhuri ya hivi karibuni ya George Lakoff na Mark Johnson (1980) iitwayo Metaphors We Live By ambayo ina unga mkono mawazo kuwa lugha hutawala uoni wetu wa mazingira yanayotuzunguuka wanasema kuwa:
Dhana tulizonazo huunda kile tukionacho, kutuzunguuka na kinachotuhusu. Mfumo wa dhana ndiyo muhimili wa jinsi tuionavyo dunia yetu ya kila siku.
Nida ( 1986) anasema kuwa, lugha ni kielelezo cha utamaduni wa wazungumzaji wake na sio muhimili wa uoni wao. Lugha hufuata jamii na wala si kuingoza jamii hiyo (Nida, 1986:11)
Angalia:
  • Lugha ni sauti za nasibu zinazotumiwa na watu katika kuwasiliana miongoni mwao.
  • Jamimi ni kundi la watu wanaoishi pamoja na wenye kuhusiana kijamii, kikazi au kiuchumi na yenye kutumia lugha moja kwa ajili ya mawsiliano yao.
  •  Lugha imefungamana na jamii kiasi kwamba haiwezi kutenganishwa na maisha ya kijamii ya binadamu.
– Isitoshe lugha ni sehemu ya jamii kwani jamii haiwezi kuitumia na kisha kuiacha na kuchukua nyingine.
– Lugha ni kielelezo cha mahusiano ya kijamii yaani hueleza jinsi jamii inavyohusiana na mazingira yao halisi na namna wanajamii wanavyohusiana wenyewe kwa wenyewe.
– Lugha hubadilika  kulingana na mabadiliko ya kijamii. Pamoja na uhusiano huu baina ya jamii na lugha, hakuna uhusiano wa moja kwa moja baina ya lugha na jamii kwa sababu:
i) Lugha sio lazima iwe ya watu wa jamii ile ile. Mathalani Kiswahili sio lugha ya Waswahili peke yao.
ii) Watu wanaoishi katika nchi sio lazima wawe wa asili ya nchi hiyo, kwa hivyo jina la jamii yao haiwezi kuwiana na lugha wanayoongea.
iii) Lugha moja huwa na vilugha kadha ndani mwake, mathalani lugha ya Kiingereza ina viingereza yaani lahaja kadha, mfano: Kiskochi, Kikoknii, Kilancastar n.k.
iv) Kuna jamii yenye jina tofauti na lugha wanayozungumza, mathalani Marekani hawazungumzi Kimarekani bali Kiingereza, Tanzania   kuna Kiswahili na sio Kitanzania
Mwl Maeda
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