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TOFAUTI KATI YA UKALIMANI NA TAFSIRI

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TOFAUTI KATI YA UKALIMANI NA TAFSIRI
#1
KINADHARIA NA KIVITENDO
Katika makala hii tutaanza kueleza maana ya tafsiri na ukalimani. Sehemu ya pili tutaeleza vipengele vinavyotofautisha taaluma ya tafsiri na ukalimani.
Kwa kuanza na maana ya tafsiri. Wataalamu mbalimbali wanaeleza maana tafsiri kama ifuatavyo;
Kwa mujibu wa Mwansoko na wenzake (2006) wanaeleza kuwa tafsiri ni zoezi la uhawilishaji wa mawazo katika maandishi kutoka lugha moja hadi nyingine. Woa wanatilia mkazo katika zoezi la uhawilishaji na kinachohawilishwa ni mawazo katika maandishi.
Pia Catford (1965) anaeleza kuwa, kutafsiri ni kuchukua mawazo yaliyo katika maandishi kutoka lugha mmoja yaani lugha chanzi na kuweka badala yake mawazo yanayolingana kutoka katika lugha nyingine yaani lugha lengwa. Hapa msisitizo upo katika matini zilizoandikwa na kuzingatia zaidi ujumbe au wazo lililopo katika matini chanzi lijitokeze vile vile katika matini lengwa. Mawazo haya hayawezi kuwa sawa kabisa na ya matini chanzi bali ni mawazo yanayolingana toka matini chanzi na matini lengwa, hii ni kutokana na sababu tofauti kama vile utamaduni, historia, kiisimu na mazingira.
Naye Newmark (1982) anaeleza kuwa tafsiri ni mchakato wa uhawilishaji wa maneno kutoka matini chanzi kwenda matini lengwa.
Pia Nida na Taber (1969) wanaeleza kuwa tafsiri hujumuisha kuzalisha upya ujumbe wa lugha chanzi kwa kutumia visawe vya asili vya lugha lengwa vinavyo karibiana zaidi na lugha chanzi kimaana na kimtindo. Wao wanatilia mkazo uzalishaji upya wa kwa kutumia visawe asili vinavyokaribiana na matini chanzi kimaana na kimtindo. Kutokana na maana hizi tunaweza kusema kuwa tafsiri hufanywa katika ujumbe uliopo katika maandishi, ni jaribio la kiuhawilishaji na wazo linalatafsiriwa huwa na visawe vinavyokaribiana na sio sawa kutokana na tofauti za kiisimu, kihistoria, kiutamaduni na mazingira.
Pia maana ya ukalimani umefasiriwa kama ifuatavyo;
Kwa mujibu wa Wanjala (2011) anaeleza kuwa, ukalimani ni kuhawilisha ujumbe uliopo katika mazungumzo pamoja na uamilifu wake kutoka lugha chasili hadi lugha lengwa kwa kuzingatia isimu utamaduni na muktadha wa jamii husika.
Hivyo tunaweza kusema kuwa ukalimani ni uhawilishaji wa taarifa au ujumbe kutoka kwa msemaji wa lugha chanzi kwenda katika lugha lengwa kwa njia ya mdomo au mazungumzo, kwa kuzingatia isimu ya lugha husika, utamaduni na muktadha katika jamii fulani.
Kinadharia na kivitendo taaluma ya tafsiri na  taaluma ya  ukalimani ni tofauti. Tofauti hizo zinajitokeza katika vipengele vifuatavyo;
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha maana; tafsiri ni taaluma ya uhawilishaji wa mawazo katika maandishi kutoka lugha chanzi kwenda lugha lengwa kwa kuzingatia isimu, mukutadha na utamaduni. Lakini ukalimani ni taaluma inayohusika na uhawilishaji wa taarifa au wazo kutoka kwa msemaji wa lugha chanzi kwenda katika lugha lengwa kwa njia ya mdomo au mazungumzo kwa kuzingatia isimu, utamaduni na  muktadha wa jamii. Hapa tunaona tofauti kuwa taaluma ya tafsiri inahaulisha ujumbe katika maandishi na ukalimani unahaulisha ujumbe katika mazungumzo.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha ukongwe; Taaluma ya tafsiri imeanza hivi karibuni mara baada ya majilio ya maandishi. Hii ina maana kwamba baada ya kuwepo kwa maandishi ndipo taaluma hii ya tafsiri ikaanza. Lakini ukalimani ni taaluma kongwe zaidi kwani mazungumzo yalianza kabla ya maandishi. Ukalimani ulianza baada ya maingiliano ya jamii ndipo haja ya kukalimani ikaanza hususani katika shughuli za biashara, dini na kadhalika ndipo ilipolazimu uwepo wa ukalimani katika jamii ili kukidhi mawasiliano.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha hadhira; Katika taaluma ya tafsiri huwa na hadhira ambayo haishirikiana moja kwa moja katika mchakato wa tafsiri. Hadhira ya tafsiri husoma tu kazi iliyotafsiriwa. Lakini katika taaluma ya ukalimani huwa na hadhira hai inayoshirikiana katika mchakato mzima wa ukalimani. Hii ina maana kwamba hadhira huweza kuwasiliiana na mkalimani endapo hadhira inahitaji jambo la ziada. Mfano katika ukalimani wa mikutano au makongamano na ukalimani wa kijamii kama vile katika masuala ya afya, maji, ujenzi wa shule , imani/ dini nakadhalika hadhira hushirikiana na mkalimani moja kwa moja.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha stadi kuu na muhimu za lugha; Taaluma ya tafsiri huhusisha stadi kuu nne za muhimu ambazo ni kusoma, kuandika, kusikiliza na kuzungumza. Mfasiri anatakiwa kuwa na ujuzi wa taaluma hii ili kufanikisha mchakato wa tafsiri kwa ufanisi. Lakini katika taaluma ya ukalimani huhusisha stadi kuu muhimu kama vile kusikiliza kutoka kwa msemaji wa lugha chanzi, na kuzungumza kwenda kwa wasikilizaji, na kutunza kumbukumbu.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha muda; taaluma ya tafsiri huchukua muda mrefu kuhawilisha ujumbe kwani maandishi huhitaji maandalizi, hela na wakati wa kutosha ili kupata kazi iliyo bora zaidi. Lakini taaluma ya ukalimani huchukua muda mfupi mno wa kuhawilisha ujumbe yaani hapo kwa  papo. Mfano ukalimani wa mahakamani, ukalimani wa mikutanoni au kwenye makongamano, warisha na semina mkalimani, hukalimani mfululizo kuendana na msemaji wa lugha lugha chanzi.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha mfumo wa lugha ; katika taaluma ya tafsiri hutumia mfumo wa lugha ya maandishi. Lakini katika taaluma ya ukalimani hutumia mfumo wa lugha ya mazungumzo. Mfano ukalimani mfululizo au andamizi ambapo mkalimani huzungumza sambamba na msemaji wa lugha  chanzi hivyo mkalimani hufanya kazi kwa haraka sana ili kuendana na kasi ya mzungumzaji kama mfumo wa lugha ulivyo.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha uwasilishaji; taaluma ya tafsiri, mfasiri ananafasi ya kudurusu kazi aliyopewa na kuweza kuondoa na kurekebisha au kusahihisha makosa yaliyojitokeza katika tafsiri yake. Lakini katika taaluma ya ukalimani, mkalimani hana nafasi ya kudurusu hata kama kuna kosa lililojitokeza. Na mara nyingi ukalimani huwa na makosa ya kimatamshi, kisarufi na kiuteuzi wa maneno.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha utunzaji wa kumbukumbu; Katika taaluma ya tafsiri huwa na kumbukumbu ya kudumu kwani mawazo au ujumbe huifadhiwa katika maadhishi. Lakini katika taaluma ya ukalimani kumbukumbu sio ya kudumu kwani huwa katika mazungumzo kinadharia na kivitendo.
Ingawa taaluma hizi mbili yaani taaluma ya ukalimani na taaluma ya tafsiri zinatofautiana kwa kiwango fulani kinadharia na kivitendo lakini taaluma hizi mbili zinafanana.
Vigezo vinavyofananisha taaluma hizi mbili ni hivi vifuatavyo;
Taaluma zote mbili hushughulika na uhawilishaji wa ujumbe kutoka katika lugha chanzi kwenda lugha lengwa.
Taaluma zote hulenga kufanikisha mchakato wa mawasiliano kati ya watu au jamii mbili au zaidi zinazotumia lugha tofauti.
Taaluma zote mbili huchangiana na kushirikiana katika mambo makuu manne muhimu ambayo ni mtoa ujumbe, ujumbe wenyewe, mhawilishaji ujumbe na mpokeaji ujumbe. Mchango wa kila kipengele ni muhimu katika taaluma zote mbili ili kukamilisha mchakato mzima wa tafsiri na ukalimani.
Kwa kutumia kigezo cha uendeshwaji; taaluma zote mbili huweza kuendeshwa kwa namna mbili, binadamu au mashine zinazotumiwa kuhawilisha ujumbe kutoka katika lugha chanzi kwenda lugha lengwa.
Hivyo tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kuwa licha ya kufanana na kutofautiana kwa dhana au taaluma hizi mbili, mfasili na mkalimani hawana budi kuzingatia isimu yaani sarufi ya lugha husika, utamaduni, muktadha husika na hata historia ya jamii husika.
Marejeo.
Catford J.C. (1965) A Linguistic theory of Translation: OUP London.
Mwansoko, H.J.M. na wenzake (2006) Kitangulizi cha Tafsiri: Nadharia na Mbinu: TUKI Dar es Salaam.
Newmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translaton. : Prentice Hall London.
Nida, A. E. na Charles, R. T. (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation. The United Bible Societies: Netherlands.
Wanjala S. F (2011) Misingi ya ukalimani na tafsiri; Serengeti Education publisher (T) L.T.D. Mwanza Tanzania
Mwl Maeda
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