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ODC: MADA YA 2: FONETIKI

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ODC: MADA YA 2: FONETIKI
#1
ODC:  MADA YA 2: FONETIKI
5.1 UTANGULIZI
5.2  Maana Ya Fonetiki
Hyman (1975) kama alivyonukuliwa na Method (2009) anaeleza kuwa fonetiki ni taaluma ambayo hususani huchunguza sauti ambazo hutumiwa na wanadamu wakati wanapowasiliana kwa kutumia lugha. Anaendelea kueleza kuwa uchunguzi wa kifonetiki huwa hauhusishwi na lugha yoyote maalumu na kutokana na hali hiyo kipashio cha msingi cha fonetiki ni foni. Hyman anaendelea kwa kueleza kuwa foni ni kipande kidogo kabisa cha sauti kisichohusishwa na lugha yoyote.
Naye Massamba na wenzake (2004) wanaeleza kuwa fonetiki ni tawi ambalo hujishughulisha na uchambuzi wa taratibu zote zinazohusiana na utoaji, utamkaji, usafirishaji, usikiaji na ufasili wa sauti za lugha za binadamu kwa ujumla. Kinachozingatiwa hapa ni kuchunguza maumbo mbalimbali ya sauti zinazoweza kutolewa na ala sauti, namna ambavyo maumbo hayo yanavyoweza kutolewa, yanavyoweza kumfikia msikilizaji (yaani yanavyosikika) na yanavyofasiliwa na ubongo; bila kujali sauti hizo zinatumika katika lugha gani.
Kwa kusikiliza sauti wanafonetiki wanaweza kuzipanga sauti hizo katika makundi na kuzitolea sifa zinazotofautisha sauti moja na nyingine.
Madhumuni ya Muhadhara
Baada ya kusoma huhadhara huu utaweza:
(i)     Kueleza kwa ufasaha maana ya fonetiki.
(ii)    Kufafaua matawi ya fonetiki
(iii)  Kueleza makundi makuu ya sauti za lugha yaani: irabu na konsonanti.
(iv)  Kufafanua kwa ufasaha sifa bainifu za irabu na konsonanti.
5.3  Matawi ya Fonetiki
Fonetiki ina matawi kadhaa kama ifuatavyo:
i. Fonetiki Matamshi
ii.  FonetikiAkustika
iii . Fonetiki Masikilizi/Masikizi
iv. Fonetiki Tiba matamshi.
Fonetiki Matamshi. Massamba na wenzake (2004) wanaeleza fonetiki matamshi kuwa ni tawi linalojishughulisha na jinsi sauti mbalimbali zinavyotamkwa kwa kutumia zile ala sauti. Kinachoangaliwa hapa ni jinsi ya utamkaji wa sauti hizo (kama sauti ni kikwamizi), mahali pa matamshi (kama sauti hizo ni midomo) na hali ya mkondo hewa (kama ni ghuna au si ghuna).
Fonetiki Akustika. Tawi hili la fonetiki huchunguza jinsi mawimbi sauti yanavyosafiri kutoka katika kinywa cha msemaji hadi kufikia sikio la msikilizaji.
Fonetiki Masikizi. Ni tawi la fonetiki linaloshughulikia jinsi mawimbi sauti yanavyoingia katika sikio la msikilizaji na kutafsiriwa na ubongo wake hata kupata maana. Method (2009).
Fonetiki Tiba matamshi. Tawi hili kama linavyoitwa na Massamba (2004) pia linaitwa na Mgullu (1999) kuwa ni fonetiki majaribio na linajishughulisha na matatizo yanayoambatana na usemaji na jinsi ya kuyatatua. Tawi hili ni jipya zaidi na limeibuka hivi karibuni.
Kwa minajili ya kozi hii tutajikita zaidi kwenye fonetiki matamshi.
Fonetiki Matamshi
Fonetiki matamshi kama ilivyoelezewa hapo awali kuwa ni tawi linaloshughulikia jinsi sauti zinavyotolewa na ala sauti. Swali la msingi ala sauti ni nini? Na ni zipi?
Ala sauti ni viungo vya mwili wa binadamu vinavyotumika kumwezesha binadamu kutoa sauti. Viungo hivi pia vina kazi nyingine za kibiolojia. Kwa mfano:
  • Mapafu – hupeleka hewa kwenye damu katika koromeo
  • Nyuzi sauti –hufunga koo wakati wa kula hivyo huzuia chakula kisipite kwenye viribahewa.
  • Ulimi – kuonja
  • Meno – kutafuna
Viungo vifuatavyo ni ala za sauti zinazoshiriki utoaji wa sauti: meno, ufizi, kaa kaa gumu, kaa kaa laini, kidaka tonge/uvula, pua, ncha ya ulimi, pembeni, nyuma, shina la ulimi, koromeo, chemba cha pua, chemba cha kinywa, nyuzi sauti.
Makundi ya ala sauti.
i. Ala Sogezi. Hizi ni vile viungo vya binadamu ambavyo hujisogezasogeza wakati wa utamkaji wa sauti. Ala hizi ni pamoja na midomo, ulimi  n.k
ii. Ala Tuli.  Ala hizi huwa hazisogei wakati wa utamkaji. Zipo kinyume na ala sogezi. Mfano wa ala tuli ni kaa kaa gumu, kaa kaa laini n.k
Meno. Ni ala tuli ambayo hutumika kutamka sauti kadhaa za lugha. Hewa huweza kuzuiwa kati ya meno na kuachiwa na hivyo kutoa sauti Fulani. Kwa mfano: f, v, /s/, /z/ n.k
Midomo. Kwa kawaida binadamu ana midomo miwili. Mdomo wa juu na mdomo wa chini, na midomo hii ni ala sogezi. Ina jukumu kubwa katika utamkaji. Baadhi ya sauti za midomo ni /b/, /p/, /m/ n.k
Ufizi. Ala tuli.Hizi ni ala ambazo zinashikilia meno ya juu nay a chini. Baadhi ya sauti za ufizi ni /n/, /t/, /d/, /s/ n.k
Kaa kaa gumu. Ala sauti hii hupakana na ufizi. Mfano wa sauti za kaa kaa gumu ni: ch, y n.k
Kaa kaa laini. Sehemu hii huanza mara baada ya kaa kaa gumu. Mfano wa sauti za kaa kaa laini ni:k, g, ny, kh, ng’ n.k
Ulimi. Ni ala sauti muhimu sana kwani husaidia utamkwaji wa sauti nyingi sana. Irabu zote hutegemea ala hii katika utamkaji wake. Mfano wa irabu ni: a, e, i, o, u. ulimi umegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu.
  1. Ncha ya ulimi. Hutamka vitamkwa mbalimbali kama vile n, t, d.
  2. Sehemu ya kati. Hutamka vitamkwa kama ch, j.
  3. Sehemu ya nyuma. Huenda juu au chini, mbele au nyuma katika kutamka sauti mbalimbali. Kusogea huko kwa sehemu ya nyuma ya ulimi huathiri umbo la chemba cha kinywa.
Nyuzi sauti.Ni misuli miwili yenye uwezo wa kunyambulishwa ambayo huwepo kwenye koromeo. Nyuzi sauti zina mchango mkubwa sana katika katika utoaji wa sauti. Nyuzi sauti zinapotikiswa hutoa mghuno na hivyo hutoa sauti ziitwazo ghuna, kwa mfano b, g, d n.k. Nyuzi sauti zisipotikiswa hazitoi mghuno hivyo hutoa sauti ziitwazo si ghuna. Mfano: p, k, t n.k
Chemba ya pua. Hii hutoa sauti ziitwazo nazali. Wakati wa utamkaji wa sauti hizo hewa hupitia katika chemba ya pua. Mfano wa nazali m, n, ny n.k
Glota. Ni uwazi uliopo kati ya nyuzi sauti. Uwazi huu hubadilikabadilika kutegemeana na kinachotamkwa. Sauti ya glota ni h.
5.4 Uainishaji wa Sauti
Makundi makuu ya sauti za lugha ni: irabu na konsonanti.
5.4.1   Irabu
Ni sauti za lugha ambazo wakati wa kutamkwa hewa haizuiwi wala kuzibwa mahali popote, hewa hupita kwa urahisi bila kizuizi chochote.
Tofauti kati ya irabu na konsonanti ipo katika utamkaji.
Irabu huainishwa kwa kutumia vigezo vitatu: mahali pa kutamkia, mwinuko wa ulimi na hali ya mdomo.
Mahali pa kutamkia
Irabu huweza kutamkwa katika sehemu tatu za ulimi: sehemu ya mbele ya ulimi, sehemu ya kati ya ulimi na sehemu ya nyuma ya ulimi.
Mfano:
–        ,[e]- Hutamkiwa sehemu ya mbele ya ulimi hivyo huitwa – Irabu za mbele
–        [u],[o]- Hutamkiwa  sehemu ya nyuma ya ulimi hivyo huitwa – Irabu za nyuma
–        [a] – Hutamkiwa sehemu ya kati ya ulimi hivyo huitwa –Irabu ya kati
Mwinuko wa ulimi
Wakati wa utamkaji wa irabu ulimi huwa juu, kati au chini. Ulimi huwa umenyanyuka au umeshuka.
Irabu zimegawiwa katika makundi matatu (3). Nayo ni haya yafuatayo :
i. na [u]- Ulimi umenyanyuka juu.
ii. [e] na [o]- Ulimi umeinuka mpaka katikati.
iii. [a]- Ulimi ukiwa chini kabisa.
Hali ya mdomo
Wakati wa utamkaji mdomo unaweza kuwa umeviringwa au haukuviringwa. Tunapata irabu viringo na irabu si viringo. Irabu viringo ni [o] na [u]. irabu si viringo ni , [e] na [a]
Uainishaji wa Irabu
– irabu ya mbele, juu, si viringo.
[e] – irabu ya mbele kati, si viringo.
[a] – irabu ya kati, chini, si viringo.
[u] – irabu ya nyuma, juu, viringo
[o] – irabu ya nyuma, kati, viringo.
5.4.2  Konsonanti
Konsonanti ni aina ya sauti katika lugha ambazo wakati wa utamkaji wake mkondo wa hewa huzuiwa katika sehemu mbalimbali kinywani. Wakati mwingine hewa huzuiwa kabisa, wakati mwingine hewa huzuiwa kiasi mahali fulani baada ya kupita kongomeo. Mfano wa konsonanti ni [p], [g], na [h].
Ili uweze kuzitambua konsonanti ni lazima ufahamu sifa bainifu za konsonanti. Zifuatazo ni sifa maalumu za utambuzi wa konsonanti :
i. Namna ya utamkaji
ii. Mahali pa kutamkia
iii. Ghuna au si ghuna
Namna ya Utamkaji
Kigezo cha kwanza cha kuainishia konsonanti ni namna ya utamkaji. Katika namna ya utamkaji tunarejelea jinsi ambavyo mkondo hewa unavyozuiwa katika sehemu mbalimbali za bomba la sauti wakati wa kutoa sauti za lugha.
Kama tulivyotaja hapo awali mkondohewa unaotoka mapafuni huweza kuzuiwa na vizingiti vya ala sauti kwa namna tatu kimsingi :
  1. Mkondohewa unaweza kuzuiwa kabisa.
  2. Mkondohewa unaweza kuruhusiwa upite katika mwanya mdogo kwa shida.
  3. Mkondohewa unaweza kuruhusiwa upite bila kuzuiwa.
Kwa kutumia hali hizi za mkondohewa, konsonanti huainishwa katika makundi yafuatayo :
  1. Vipasuo/ Vizuiwa
  2. Vipasuo – kwamiza
  3. Vikwamizi/Vikwamizwa
  4. Nazali
  5. Vitambaza
  6. Vimadende
  1. Vipasuo/Vizuiwa
Ni konsonanti ambazo wakati wa utamkaji wake mkondohewa kutoka mapafuni hubanwa kabisa wakati wa kutamkiwa kisha huachiwa ghafla.
Sauti hizi zimeitwa vipasuo kutokana na kuachiwa ghafla kwa mkondohewa. Sauti zitokeazo zina mlio wa kupasua. Ifuatayo ni mifano ya vipasuo :
  • Vipasuo vya midomoni : [p], , [m].
  • Vipasuo vya ufizi: [t], [d], [n].
  • Vipasuo vya kaakaa gumu : …….
  • Vipasuo vya kaa kaa laini : [k], [g], [ ]
  1. Vipasuo – kwamiza

[*]Ni konsonanti ambazo wakati wa utamkaji wake ala sauti huwa zimefungwa kabisa  na kasha kuachiliwa hewa ipite ghafla kwa mlipuko  lakini ala sauti haziachani kabisa; huacha mwanya mdogo na kuruhusu mkondo hewa kupita kwa shida kati yao na kusababisha sauti inayotoka kuwa mkwaruzo. Mifano ya vipasuo- kwamiza ni:
  • Vipasuo-kwamiza vya ufizi: [ts],[dz].
  • Vipasuo-kwamiza vya kaakaa gumu: [t ], [d ]
  1. Vikwamizi
[*]




[*]Sauti hizi hutamkwa wakati ala sauti zinapokaribiana na kupunguza upenyo wa bomba la sauti kiasi cha kufanya hewa ipite kwa shida na hivyo kusababisha mkwaruzo. Sauti za vikwamizi zaweza kutamkwa mahali popote kwenye bomba la sauti.
[*][*]





[*] 
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[*]Weka picha kutoka Habwe J(2004 :34)
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[*] 
  1. Nazali
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[*]Ni sauti ambazo hutamkwa kwa kuruhusu mkondo hewa kupitia kwenye chemba cha pua. Mifano ya sauti nazali ni:
  • Nazali yam domo: [m].
  • Nazali ya ufizi: [n].
  • Nazali ya kaakaa gumu: [  ]
  • Nazali ya kaakaa laini: [  ]
  1. Vitambaza
[*][*][*][*][*][*]












[*]Ni sauti ambazo wakati wa kutamka ulimi hutandazwa na kuruhusu hewa ipite pembeni ya ulimi bila mkwaruzo mkubwa sana. Mfano wa kitambaza ni [l].
  1. Vimadende
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[*]Ni sauti ambayo wakati wa utamkaji wa sauti ncha ya ulimi inakuwa imegusa ufizi lakini kutokana na nguvu ya mkondo hewa inayopita kati ya ulimi na ufizi, ncha ya ulimi hupigapiga kwa haraka haraka kwenye ufizi. Mfano wa kimadende ni [r].
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[*]Mahali pa kutamkia
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[*]Kigezo cha pili cha kuainisha konsonanti ni mahali pa kutamkia. Wakati wa utamkaji ala sogezi na ala tuli hukaribiana na kugusana. Mara nyingi huwa kuna ala sogezi ambayo husogea kuelekea kwa ala tuli ingawa kuna hali ambayo ala sogezi mbili huhusika. Kwa mfano mdomo wa juu unahusiana na wa chini katika kutoa sauti.
[*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*]

















[*]Konsonanti hugawanywa katika makundi makuu saba.
  1. Midomo
  2. Midomo na meno
  3. Meno
  4. Ufizi
  5. Kaakaa gumu
  6. Kaakaa laini
  7. Koromeo
[*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*]



















[*]Midomo
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[*]Konsonanti zinazotamkwa kwenye midomo huhusisha utatizwaji wa hewa katika midomo yote miwili. Mdomo wa chini huelekeana na ule wa juu. Hapa midomo yote miwili huwa ni ala sogezi. Sauti zitolewazo kwenye midomo ni [m], [p] na .
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[*]Midomo na Meno
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[*]Sauti zitamkiwazo hapa huhusisha mdomo wa chini na meno ya juu. Hapa mdomo wa chini huwa ala sogezi na husogea kuelekea meno ya ju ambayo ni ala tuli. Mfano wa sauti hizo ni [f], [v].
[*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*]























[*]Meno 
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[*]Sauti za meno hutamkwa kwa ncha ya ulimi ikiwekwa katikati ya meno ya juu na ya chini. Mfano wa sauti hizo ni: [  ], [   ]
[*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*]

























[*]Ufizi
[*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*][*]


























[*]Sauti za ufizi huhusisha bapa la ulimi kama ala sogezi na mwinuko wa ufizi ulio nyuma ya meno ya juu ukiwa ndio ala tuli. Mifano ya sauti za ufizi ni: [t], [d], [n], [r], [l], [s] na [z].
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[*]Kaakaa gumu
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[*]Sauti za hapa hutamkwa kwa kuhusisha bapa la ulimi na kaakaa gumu. Mfano wa sauti hizo ni : [ch], [j], [sh], na [ny].
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[*]Kaakaa Laini
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[*]Sauti za hapa hutamkwa kwa kutumia sehemu ya nyuma ya ulimi ambayo hugusana au kukaribiana na kaakaa laini. Mfano :  [k], [g], [gh] na [ng].
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[*]Koromeo
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[*]Sauti ya koromeo hutamkiwa kwenye tundu la glota. Mfano wa sauti hiyo ni [h].
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[*]Muhimu
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[*]Kuna sauti ambazo siyo konsonanti wa irabu huitwa viyeyusho/ nusu irabu. Mfano [w] na [y].
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[*][w]
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[*]–        Mahali pa kutamkia ni kwenye mdomo
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[*]–        Namna ya utamkaji mdomo huvirigwa wakati wa utamkaji wake.
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[*][y]
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[*]–        Mahali pa kutamkia  ni kwenye kaakaa gumu
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[*]–        Namna ya utamkaji, kutandaza midomo na sehemu ya kati ya ulimi hukaribiana na kaakaa gumu.
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[*]Jedwali la namna ya utamkaji na mahali pa kutamkia
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[*]Ghuna au si ghuna
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[*]Sauti ghuna ni sauti ambazo wakati wa utamkaji wake nyuzi sauti hurindima au kutetema. Sauti ghuna pia huitwa sauti za kandamsepetuko.
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[*]Sauti ambazo si ghuna hazina mrindimo wa nyuzi sauti wakati wa utamkaji wake. Sauti si ghuna pia huitwa sauti za kandatuli au sauti hafifu. Mifano ya sauti ghuna ni : [ b, d, g, v, dh, z] na nazali. Mfano wa sauti si ghuna : [p, t, k, f, s]
Mwl Maeda
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