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Usarufi wa Tungo

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Usarufi wa Tungo
#1
Usarufi wa Tungo
Mzungumzaji wa Kiswahili atakuwa na matatizo na usarufi1 wa tungo zifuatazo, yaani atakuwa na wasiwasi kuwa kanuni fulani za lugha ya Kiswahili zimevunjwa, na pia atatambua zimevunjwa kwa namna gani.
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1 usarufi ni sifa ya tungo kutii kanuni za kisarufi za lugha husika. Utosarufi kwa upande mwingine ni ukiukaji wa kanuni za lugha.
(8) Ile mtoto imechana kitabu chake.
(9) Watoto yao na baba wamekuja.
(10) Asha na Mahemba mewakimbia.
Si vigumu kwa mjua Kiswahili kuipa tafsiri sentensi ya (8) kwa sababu kilichokosewa ni upatanisho kati ya nomino kiima na vipashio inavyovitawala2, yaani kionyeshi {ile} na kitenzi {imechana}. Mjua Kiswahili anatambua kuwa tungo kama (8) inaweza kutolewa na mtu anayejifunza Kiswahili kabla hajajizatiti sawasawa katika upatanisbo wa makundi tofauti ya maneno ya Kiswahili. Anaweza kuisahihisha sentensi hiyo hivi:
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(8a) Yule mtoto amechana kitabu chake.
2 kutawala ni sifa ya kipashio kimoja kusimamia yanayotokea katika kipashio kingine au tungo moja kusunamia kinachotokea katika tungo nyingine.
Lakini tungo ya (9) inaonekana kuwa imevunja kanuni za “juu” zaidi za lugha, na mjua Kiswahili ataikataa moja kwa moja tungo hiyo, ingawaje anaweza kujaribu kuirekebisha isomeke kama:
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(9a) Watoto wamekuja na baba yao.
Kuna mambo kadhaa ambayo yamemlazimu mjua Kiswahili kuyatengeneza upya ili tungo ya (9) isomeke kama (9a). Kwanza neno yaohaliendi na neno watoto, bali na baba. VUe vile katika Kiswahili, kitenzi (kiarifu) cha sentensi huja baada ya nomino kiima na wala si baada ya kishamirishi. Nafasi ya na pia imebidi ibadilike. Hivyo kilichokosewa hapa ni mfuatano wa vipashio katika sentensi sahihi ya lugha ya Kiswahili.
Utosarufl wa tungo ya (10) hautokani na mfuatano wa maneno katika tungo hiyo, bali unatokana na ukiukaji wa mfuatano wa vipasbio ndani ya neno, kama usahihishaji ufuatao unavyoonyesha:
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(10a) Asha na Mahemba wamekimbia.
Hapa tunaona kuwa kuna mambo mengi yanaweza kusababisha utosarufi wa tungo kama: (i) upatanishi kati ya maneno yanayojenga sentensi; (ii) mfuatano wa maneno katika sentensi; (iii) mfuatano wa vipashio vinavyojenga neno.
Wakati huo huo, mjua Kiswahili atakubali usarufi wa tungo ifuatayo, hata kama maneno ya tungo hiyo ni mageni kwake:
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(11) Vile vikarusi vimekota takarani.
Akiangalia tungo hii, mjua Kiswahili anaweza kufikiri kuwa maneno yaliyomo ni ya kisayansi, au kama ameisikia tungo hiyo kutoka kwa watoto wadogo, anaweza akafikiri kuwa ni mchezo wa kitoto. Lakini hawezi kuwa na mashaka juu ya usahihi wa muundo wa tungo hiyo kwa vile anaweza kuihusisba kwa urahisi na tungo nyingine za Kiswahili kama hii ifuatayo:
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(12) Vile vifaranga vimeanguka majini.
Hii ni kwa sababu vipashio vilivyowekewa italiki katika (12) vinatoa vidokezo muhimu vya sarufi ya Kiswahili.
Pamoja na usarufi wa tungo, mjua lugha yoyote anayo maarifa yanayomwezesha kutofautisha kati ya aina za sentensi katika lugha yake kutegemea ‘kusudio’ la sentensi hiyo. Anajua, kwa mfano, ni tungo zipi ni za kuuliza, na aina za maswali yanoyoweza kuulizwa, pamoja na majibu yanayotegemewa; atajua zipi ni za taarifa, au za kebehi, utani, nk. Kwa mfano, ikiwa mjua Kiswahili ataulizwa (13) atatambua kwa urahisi kuwajibu lake linaweza kuwa (13a) na si (13b):
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(13) Mtoto yuko wapi?
(13a) Amelala.
(13b) Ndiyo.
Lakini ikiwa ataulizwa (14) atatambua kuwa (14a) haliwezi kuwa jibu ambapo (14b) linaweza kuwa mojawapo ya majibu ya swali hilo:
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(14) Mtoto amekwishakula?
(14a) Amelala.
(14b) Ndiyo.
Mjua Kiswahili pia anayo maarifa yanayompa utambuzi kuwa tungo zifuatazo hazihitaji kujibiwa kwa maneno, ila pengine kwa vitendo, kwa sababu ni tungo za “utendaji”, yaani zinazomtaka mzungumziwa kutekeleza kususdio la tamko:
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(15) Tafadhali nipatie maji ya kunywa.
(16) Simba huyo ananguruma, tukimbie!
Mwl Maeda
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