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UNYAMBULISHAJI

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UNYAMBULISHAJI
#1
TANGULIZI.
Maana ya unyambulishaji
Massamba (2009:105), unyambulishaji ni utaratibu wa kupachika viambishi kwenye mizizi ili kuunda maneno mapya.
Unyambulishaji ni mbinu ya uundaji wa maneno,hivi kwamba viambishi mbalimbali huambikwa kwenye mzizi  husika na kuunda neno jipya.(Matinde,2012:119).
Unyambulishaji ni utaratibu katika lugha wa kupachika au kuongeza viambishi kwenye mzizi wa neno ili kuunda maneno mapya. Kwa mfano, kuunda nomino kutokana na vitenzi kwa kutumia viambishi. Maneno mapya yanayoundwa hapa huwa ya kategoria nyingine (Masebo,2012:127).
Hivyo basi tunaweza kusema kwamba unyambulishaji ni aina ya uambishaji unaosababisha neno kutoka katika kategoria moja hadi nyingine.
Unyambulishaji wa nomino
Habwe na Kalanje (2004),wanadai kuwa unyambulishaji wa nomino ni hali ya kuunda nomino kutoka kuwa kategoria nyingine za maneno huitwa unominishaji. Nomino za Kiswahili zinaweza kuundwa kutokana na vitenzi, vivumishi na hata kutokana na nomino moja hadi nyingine.
Hivyo basi, unyambulishaji wa nomino ni hali ya kuweka viambishi vinyambulishi kwenye mzizi wa neno ambao hupelekea neno hilo kuhama kutoka kategoria moja kwenda kategoria nyingine ambayo ni nomino.
Nomino.
Ni neno linalotaja kitu, kiumbe, hali, dhana au tendo kama kiti,ndege na furaha. (Massamba, 2009:68).
Unyambulishaji wa nomino hufanyika kama ifuatavyo;
Kinominishi {o} kinaweza kunominisha vitenzi vya Kiswahili katika mazingira yafuatayo;
Kwa mfano vitenzi vya kibantu vinavyoishia na kiambishi tamati {-a}
{Mzizi} + {-o}
Mfano,
Kitenzi               mzizi                         nomino
Tenda                 tend +o                     tendo
Andika               andik + o                   andiko
Jenga                  jeng + o                     jengo
Pamba                pamb + o                  pambo
Hata hivyo, kuna baadhi ya vitenzi vya kibantu ambavyo huishia na kiambishi tamati {-a} ambavyo vikiambikwa viambishi tamati {-o} haviwezi kubadilika na kuwa nomino. Kwa mfano  kitenzi ;Lowa,tembea.
Pia kiambishi cha unyambulishi {-o} huweza kunyambulisha nomino kwa kuambatana na kinyambulishi {-i} au {-li}.
kwa mfano; {mzizi} + {-i/-li-} + {-o}
Kitenzi                mzizi                                  nomino
Kaanga                kaang + i + o                    kaangio
Chuja                   chuj + i + o                       chujio
Kaa                       ka + li + o                         kalio
Mazingira mengine kiambishi kinyambulishi {o} huweza kunominisha kitenzi pale ambapo huambatana na mofimu {e}.
{mzizi} + {-e-} + {-o}
Kwa mfano; 
Kitenzi               mzizi                     nomino
Fyeka                fyek + e + o           fyekeo
Chekecha          chekech + e + o    chekecheo
Pia unyambulishaji wa nomino huweza kutokea kwa kuambika kiambishi {M-/Mw-} mwanzoni kabla ya shina  la kitenzi na kiambishi cha unyambulishi {-ji} baada ya mzizi wa neno. Kiambishi tamati {-ji} cha unominishaji ambacho huonesha mtu anayetenda kitendo kama kazi yake ya kila siku.
{M/Mw-}+{shina-T}+{-ji}
Mfano
kitenzishinanomino
            Baka m + baka + ji  mbakaji
            Chezam + cheza + ji  mchezaji
            Imba mw+imba+ji mwimbaji
            Omba mw +omba + jimwombaji
Nomino zenye mofolojia yenye kiambishi awali {ku}, ambacho hutumiwa kuunda nomino. Kiambishi hiki {ku} huwekwa mbele ya shina la kitenzi na hubadili kitenzi kuwa nomino.
{Ku-} + {shina-T}
Mfano,
            Kitenzi             shina                nomino
             imba               ku + imba         kuimba
             Cheza              ku + cheza        kucheza
             Lia                   ku + lia             kulia
            Piga                 ku + piga        kupiga
Nomino zenye mofolojia yenye kiambishi awali {u} cha unominishaji , mzizi wa kitenzi na kiambishi tamati {vu/fu} cha unominishaji. Huonyesha mtu au watu walio katika hali fulani.
{u} + {MZIZI} + {vu/fu}
Mfano:-
Kitenzi            Mzizi                           Nomino
Tulia               u + tuli + vu                 Utulivu
Vumilia          u + vumili + vu             Uvumilivu
legea               u + lege + vu                Ulegevu
Nomino zenye mofolojia yenye kiambishi awali {ki} cha unominishaji katika umoja au {vi} katika umoja , mzizi wa kitenzi na kiambishi  tamati {o} kiambishi hiki huweza kuleta dhana ya kitu/ kifaa kinachotumika kutenda kitendo.
 {Ki/ Vi} + {MZIZI} + {o}
Mfano:-
Kitenzi             Mzizi                           Nomino
Funika             ki + funik + o              kifuniko/vifuniko
Pima                ki + pim + o                 kipimo/vipimo
Tua                  ki + tu + o                   kituo/vipimo
Kiambishi kinyambulishi {-a}
Ikiwa kitenzi huishia kwa irabu i au u irabu hizo hubadilika na mahali pake huchukuliwa na kiambishi tamati {a} hivyo husababisha kitenzi kubadili kategoria yake na kuwa nomino.
Yaani, {mzizi} + {a}
Mfano,
            Kitenzi            mzizi                nomino
            Hoji                 hoj + a             hoja
            Faidi                faid + a            faida
            Heshimu          heshim + a       heshima
Unyambulishaji katika vitenzi
Rubanza Y.I (1996), unyambulishaji wa vitenzi ni upachikaji wa mofimu fuatishi katika vitenzi.
Kitenzi ni neno ambalo huarifu tendo linalofanyika. TUKI (2012).
Mgullu (2012),anadai kuwa katika lugha ya Kiswahili vitenzi vinaweza kuundwa kutokana na vivumishi.
Kwa mfano;
 Refu           refusha
 Fupi           fupisha
 Bora            boresha
Safi              safisha
Pia mara chache sana nomino zikinyambuliwa huunda vitenzi, Masebo (2012:134).
Kwa mfano;
Nomino           Kitenzi
Taifa                taifisha
Sulubu             sulubisha
Ratiba               ratibu
Hata hivyo kuna idadi ndogo ya vielezi vikinyambuliwa vinaweza kutumikakatika kuunda vitenzi. Kwa mfano;
            Kielezi             Kitenzi
               Haraka          harakisha, harakishwa,
HITIMISHO.
Unyambulishaji wa maneno katika lugha ni muhimu sana katika ukuaji wa lugha kwani hupelekea kuongezeka kwa misamiati katika lugha.
MAREJELEO.
Habwe na Karanja, (2004). Misingi ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Foenix Publishers.
Massebo (2012). Nadharia ya Lugha Kiswahili 1,kidato cha 5&6.Dar Es salaam: Nyambari
Matinde, S. (2012), Dafina ya Lugha Isimu na Nadharia, kwa Sekondari, Vyuo vya Kati na Vyuo
Mgullu, (2012), Fonetiki, Fonolojia na Mofolojia ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Longhorn Publishers. Nyangwine Publishers.
TUKI (2012). Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar Es salaam: Oxford University Press.
Vikuu. Mwanza: Serengeti Educational Publishers.

Mwl Maeda
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