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Chagua nadharia yoyote kisha ifafanue kwa undani ukionesha mwasisi au waasisi

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Chagua nadharia yoyote kisha ifafanue kwa undani ukionesha mwasisi au waasisi
#1
SWALI: Chagua nadharia yoyote unayoijua kisha ifafanue kwa undani ukionesha mwasisi au waasisi wa nadharia husika.
JIBU:
UTANGULIZI
Sengo (2009:1) anafasili nadharia kuwa ni wazo kuu, fikra kuu, mwongozo mkuu wa mtu, watu au jamii ya pahala fulani, wakati fulani na kwa sababu fulani. Kwa mantiki hiyo nadharia ni dira na mwongozo wa kulikabili jambo kifalsafa, kidini, kimantiki, kijamii na kiutamaduni.
KIINI
NADHARIA YA UDHANAISHI/UTAMAUSHI (EXISTENTIALISM)
DHANA YA UDHANAISHI
Kwa mujibu wa watalaamu mbalimbali kama vile Kimani Njogu na Rocha Chimera (1999) wanasema kwamba udhanaishi ni nadharia inayoshughulikia zaidi na “dhana ya maisha “.Swali la kimsingi katika nadharia hii ni maisha ni nini? Wadhanaishi huchunguza kwa undani nafasi ya mwanadamu ulimwenguni, .pia wanajishughulisha na uchunguzikuhusu uhusiano uliopo kati ya binadamu na mungu.Wamitila K.W (2003)katika kamusi ya fasihi na nadharia amefanunua udhanaishi kama dhanainayotumia kuelezea maono au mtazamo inayohusiana na hali ya maisha ya binadamu ,nafasi na jukumula binadamu ulimwenguni ,na uhusiano wake na mungu au kutokuwepo nauhusiano na mungu.Wanjala Simiyu (2012) katika kitabu kitovu cha fasihi simulizi udhainishi ni falsafa au mtazamo wamaisha ulio na kitovu chake katika swala kuwa, maisha ni nini na yana maana gani kwa binadamu? Nikwa njia gani mwanadamu anaweza kuyabadilisha maisha yake yaliyojaa na dhiki, mashaka na huzuni..Kimani Njogu na Wafula L M katika nadharia za uhakiki wa fasihi (2007) wanasema udhanaishi na falsafa kuhusu dhana ya maisha. Ni falsafa inayo husiana na utamaushi kutokana na neno “kutamauka”. Kutamauka ni kutokuwa na furaha au kutokuwa na tamaa kwa kuhisi kutokuwa na matumaini katikamaisha. Naye Camus (1984) udhanaishi ni falsafa inayoshugulikia maswala kuhusu maisha; ni mtazamounaokagua kwa upembuzi hali ya nafasi ya mtu katika ulimwengu anamoishi na pia ni falsafa inayozungumzia uhusianao uliomo kati ya mtu na mungu na iwapo mtu anapaswa kuamini kuwepo kwamungu. Nadharia hii inatusaidia kuhakiki maisha ya mwanadamu anayeishi katika ulimwengu uliojaa shinda namatatizo mengi ambayo yanayosambambishwa na binadamu mwenyewe. Matatizo anayoyapitia ni kamavita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kwa misingi ya kidini, jaa na uchumi kuharibika, kukosa kazi,
ajali barabarani. Matatizo haya yanafanya mwanadamu kukata tamaa na kushuku iwapo kweli mungu yuko.
WAASISI WA NADHARIA YA UDHANAISHI
Wamekuwa kwenye vitengo vitatu
Wanaoamini kuwepo kwa mungu
Soren Kierkegerd ni mwanathiolojia wa kidenimaki aliyekuwapo kati ya mwaka wa 1813 hadi1855 aliweza kuandika makala mbali mbali hasa;
The concept of dread
Fear and trembling
The sickness unto death Wafula R.M na Kimani Njogu (2007) naWamitila. W(2003)
Wasioamini kuwepo kwa Mungu
Wanafalsafa wa Kijerumani wakiongozwa na FRIDRICK NIETZSCHE, MARTIN HEIDEGGER, GABRIEL MARCEL na KARL JASPERS walitokea katika karne ya ishirini. (Wamitila K.W 2003)
Wasio na uhakika wa kuwepo kwa mungu.
JEAN PAUL SATRE aliyetokea baada ya vita vikuu vya dunia na alikuwa mwanafalsafa wa kifaransa. Kimani Njogu na Rocha chimera (1999)
HISTORIA FUPI
Udhanaishi unahusishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na mwanathiololojia wa ki-denimaki kwa jina Soren Kieregaard (1813-1855), katika maandishi yake mbalimbali Soren Kieregaard (1844) The concept of dread Soren Kieregaard (1843) Fear and trembling Soren Kieregaard (1849) The sickness unto death Kieregaard anaeleza kuwa mtu haishi kwa nguvu zake mwenyewe, kuna nguvu zinazomtawala ambozo ni za Mungu. Binadamu anapoishi hutenda dhambi na ili apate utulivu wa kiroho inambidi atubu dhambi hizo.Wanaamini kuwepo kwa mungu kwa binadamu wote. Anaeleza kuwa binadamu ni kikaragosi cha nguvu zilizomuumba ni katika kuzicha. Anaendelea kusema kwamba udhanaishi ni dhana ya hofu pale ambapo binadamu huogopa adhabu kutoka kwa Mungu kwa hivyo amefunikwa na
wasiwasi, hataki kumkosea Mungu. Anasisitiza binadamu ni mtu binafsi (hali ya kujijali). Binadamu hupata kimbilio kutoka kwa mivutano ya maisha kupitia kwa Mungu. Imani hii ilishika nguvu sana kwenye ukristo, huu ukawa mwanzo wa udhanaishi wa ukristo. (christian existentialism) Kwa mujibu wa Wamitila .K.W (2003) kamusi ya fasihi, istilahi na nadharia asema kuwa katika karne ya ishirini, udhanaishi ulipata msukumo mpya kutoka kwa mwanafalsafa wa kijerumani Friedrich Nietzsche na wengine kama Martin Heidegger, Gabriel Marcel na Karl Jaspers. Nietzche (1927) “joyful wisdom” anadai kuwa mungu amekufa. Tamko hili pamoja na misimamo ya wenzake vinakuwa misingi muhimu ya kuzuka kwa udhanaishi wa ukanaji Mungu (atheistic existenialism) Kwa mujibu wa tovuti, Martin Heidegger, mwanafalsafa wa kijerumani na mwanafunzi wa Husserl aliamini kuwa neno “nitakufa” si katika dunia ya ukweli.
 Kwa mujibu wa kimani Njogu na Rocha Chimera (1999) wanaelezea kuhusu mwanafalsafa wa kifaransa Jean Paul Satre ambaye ndiye mwasisi mkuu wa udhanaishi. Baada ya vita vikuu vya dunia anadai kuwa mtu huzaliwa au hujipata ametumbukia katika ombwe la aina fulani. Vilevile mtu yuko huru kuishi tu na kukabiliana vilivyo na ulimwengu unaomzunguka. Isitoshe kwa vile binadamu hana uwezo kwa yale anayoyapitia maumivu na mateso anaweza kukata tamaa.
Katika mhadhara alioutoa Jean Paul Satre, (1946) “Existentialism and Humanilism” alisisitiza kuwa “kuzimu ni ya watu wengine”. Hii ni ishara kuwa ana uwezo wa kuchagua na uhuru wa kila mtu anaweza athiri watu wengine, alisisitiza pia dini haiwezi kutatua shinda za binadamu isitoshe aliegemea katika suala la ubinafsi wa mtu.
MIHIMILI YA UDHANAISHI
Waandishi mbalimbali wameweza kutoa mihimili ya udhanaishi, kwa kuwarejelea Wafula .R.M na Kimani Njogu (2007) wao wameainisha mihimili hiyo kama ifuatavyo;
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Wanatilia mkazo matatizo halisi yanayomsimbu mwanadamu na kwanakwepa imani ya kinjozi juu ya imani ya kuishi.
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Hawaamini uwepo wa Mungu na uumbaji wake wa ulimwengu.
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Juhudi za mtu binafsi kujisaka au kupambana na maisha huishia katika mauti.
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Maudhui yanayotajwa na wadhanaishi ni kama vile uhuru wa mtu binafsi, uwezo wake wa kujifikiria na kujiamulia.
Kwa ujumla udhanaishi ni nadharia inayochochea uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi kifalsafa zaidi ili kuweza kutathmini ukweli kuhusu maisha kupitia wahusika mbalimbali ambao huwakilisha sifa na tabia za wanadamu katika maisha halisi.
Mwl Maeda
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