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SWALI: ELEZA KUFANANA NA KUTOFAUTIANA KWA LEKSIKOGRAFIA NA LEKSIKOLOJIA KATIKA LUGHA

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SWALI: ELEZA KUFANANA NA KUTOFAUTIANA KWA LEKSIKOGRAFIA NA LEKSIKOLOJIA KATIKA LUGHA
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SWALI: ELEZA KUFANANA NA KUTOFAUTIANA KWA LEKSIKOGRAFIA NA LEKSIKOLOJIA KATIKA LUGHA


UTANGULIZI
Wataalamu mbalimbali wameweza kutoa fasili ya Leksikografia baadhi ya wataalamu hao ni;
Mdee (1985) Leksikografia ni usawiri wa kamusi, huu ni utaalamu au utaratibu wa kukusanya msamiati pamoja na tafsiri yake na kuupanga katika kitabu cha maneno ambacho huitwa Kamusi. Fasili hii ya Mdee ina udhaifu kwani Kamusi siyo lazima iwe imeandikwa katika kitabu pekee, bali kutokana na maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia siku hizi kamusi zimeweza kuandikwa katika elektroniki mfano kompyuta na simu za mkononi.
Wiegand,(1984) akinukuliwa na Mdee, (2010) anasema Leksikografia ni kazi ya kisanyansi ya kutunga kamusi.Leksikografia hujumulisha uorodheshaji wa msamiati wa lugha inayotungiwa kamusi pamoja na maelezo yenye kufafanua kila neno lililoorodheshwa kadri ya mahitaji ya watumiaji wa kamusi aliyewalenga.
Oxford dictionary, (2001) Leksikografia ni kitendo cha kuunda kamusi. Hivyo basi kutokana na fasili tulizoziona hapo juu tunaweza kufasili leksikografia kuwa ni sehemu ya isimu inayojihusisha na uundaji wa kamusi.
Leksikografia inafafanua maneno na kuweka wazi matumizi na miundo ya maneno. Katika taaluma hii ya leksikografia tunaweza kuigawa katika sehemu kuu mbili ambazo ni leksikografia ya vitendo na leksikografia ya kinadharia.
Leksikografia ya vitendo ni sanaa ya kukusanya, kuandika na kuhariri kamusi wakati leksikografia ya kinadharia ni mwongozo wa kitaaluma wa kueleza na kufafanua uhusiano wa semantiki, sintagmatiki na pragmatiki katika leksikoni ya lugha, kuendeleza nadharia zinazounda kamusi na kuhusianisha data katika kamusi. Kwa ujumla leksikografia inajihusisha na kubuni, kukusanya, kutumia na kutathimini kamusi kwa ujumla.
Hali kadhalika leksikografia inajihusisha na fonolojia, mofolojia, semantiki au maana pamoja na miundo ya maneno kwa ujumla.Leksikolojia hii inahusu mfumo, maana na tabia za maneno (Oxford, 2001).Leksikolojia ni tawi la isimu linaloshughulikia mofolojia na maana ya maneno (Ullmann, 1962 akinukuliwa na Mdee, 2010).Leksikolojia ni tawi la isimu linalochunguza etimolojia, maana na matumizi ya maneno.
Hivyo Leksikolojia ni sayansi ya maneno na ni msingi wa nadharia ya leksikografia (Doroszewski, 1973 akinukuliwa na Jackson, 1989 katika Mdee, 2010).Hivyo basi kutokanana fasili tulizoziona hapo juu tunaweza kusema leksikolojia ni tawi la isimu linalojishughulisha na maneno, asili na maana, mofolojia ya maneno, mahusiano ya maana ya maneno, makundi ya maneno na leksikoni kwa ujumla.Hali kadhalika katika kufasili leksikoni huu ni msamiati wa mtu, lugha au tawi la maarifa.
Ni ule msamiati wote uliopo kichwani mwa mzungumzaji wa lugha. Leksikoni ndio nguzo au chanzo cha data za wanaleksikolojia na wanaleksikografia katika mchakato mzima wa uandaaji wa kamusi.
KIINI CHA SWALI
Baada ya kuangalia fasili za dhana mbalimbali hapo juu, sasa tujikite katika kufafanua ufanano na utofauti uliopo baina ya leksikografia na leksikolojia katika lugha. Ufanano uliopo baina leksikografia ya na leksikolojia katika lugha ni kama ifuatavyo:-
Leksikografia na leksikolojia zinajihusisha na msamiati wa lugha.
Leksikografia hukusanya msamiati na maana zake na kutunga kamusi ambayo hutoa ufafanuzi juu ya misamiati ya lugha hali kadhalika leksikolojia hujihusisha na msamiati katika kuelezea maana na matumizi ya maneno husika kwa jamii husika (Ndumbaro, 2013). Leksikolojia na leksikografia hutegemea watumiaji wa lugha katika kukusanya data zake kwani zote hujihusisha na leksikoni.
Hivyobasi leksikografia na leksikolojia hutegemea leksikoni iliyopo kichwani mwa mtumiaji wa lugha (Mdee, 1985).Leksikografia na leksikolojia zimetokana na maneno ya Kigiriki ambayo ni “lexico” likiwa na maana ya maneno. Leksikolojia limetokana na neno “lexico” (maneno) na logos (sayansi) ikimaanisha sayansi ya maneno wakati leksikografia imetokana na neno “lexico” (maneno) na “graph” (kuandika) ikiwa na maana ya kuandika maneno (Ndumbaro, 2013).
Zote zinahusika na uwanja wa kiisimu ujulikanao kama semantiki. Leksikografia licha ya kujihusisha na nyanja nyingine kama vile fonolojia na mofolojia pia inajihusisha kwa kiasi kikubwa na semantiki kwani hata hapo mwanzoni kamusi ziliandikwa kwa kuzingatia semantiki. Huangalia maana ya msamiati katika kutunga kamusi, hali kadhalika leksikolojia pia hujikita katika maana na matumizi ya msamiati (Ndumbaro, 2013).
Zote zinahusu etimolojia ya maneno katika kupata data za kimofolojia na kisemantiki za leksimu, kamusi pia hutusaidia katika kupata taarifa za kimuundo zinazohusu asili ya maneno na taarifa za kihistoria kuhusu mabadiliko ya maneno na matumizi ya maneno (Mdee, 2010).
Baada ya kufafanua ufanano uliopo baina ya leksikografia na leksikolojia sasa tugeukie katika kufafanua utofauti uliopo baina ya leksikografia na leksikolojia katika lugha, utofauti huo ni kama ifuatavyo.
Leksikografia inafikiriwa kuwa ni kongwe kuliko leksikolojia kwani utungaji wa kamusi inasadikika kuwa ulifanywa na wayunani tangu karne ya kwanza hata hivyo maandishi hayakuwa kwenye kamusi kama tujuavyo leo hii bali yalikuwa orodha ya maneno na maana zake. Wakati leksikolojia ilianza miaka ya 1820 ingawa inasemekana kuwa kulikuwa na wanaleksikolojia kabla ya neno leksikolojia kupatikana(Mdee, 2010).
Tofauti nyingine ipo katika malengo, malengo ya leksikografia kiujumla ni kubuni, kukusanya, kutumia na kutathimini kamusi au kuunda kamusi wakati leksikolojia malengo yake ni kuchunguza etimolojia, maana na matumizi ya maneno (Mdee, 1985).
Tofauti nyingine ipo katika mabadiliko, katika leksikografia mwanaleksikografia anapounda kamusi yake hubaki kama ilivyo hadi hapo atakapounda kamusi nyingine iliyobora kupita ile ya kwanza. Hivyobasi ni vigumu kamusi kuweza kupokea mabadiliko ya msamiati na maana zake mara kwa mara kuendana na mabadiliko ya jamii. Kwa upande wa leksikolojia kwa kiasi fulani huweza kupokea mabadiliko kwani leksikolojia ipo katika nadharia (Ndumbaro, 2013).
Tofauti nyingine ni kuwa leksikolojia hujihusisha na sifa za jumla, sifa ambazo zinaweza kuonekana katika mpangilio maalumu wakati leksikografia inajihusisha na sifa ya maneno kiupwekeupweke yaani maana zake nyingi ni fafanuzi ambapo maana ya maneno hutegemeana na wazungumzaji wa lugha siyo mwanaleksikografia (Mtengenezaji wa kamusi) (Ndumbaro, 2013).
Tofauti nyingine ni idadi kamili ya maneno, katika leksikografia idadi ya msamiati uliopo katika kamusi huweza kujulikana na kubainishwa wazi wazi. Hii inatokana na ukweli kwamba kamusi huwa na idadi ya misamiati kulingana na aina ya kamusi ambayo mwanaleksikografia amedhamiria kuiandaa lakin kwa upande wa leksikolojia yenyewe haijihusishi na idadi ya maneno katika kamusi bali inajihusisha na mofolojia na maana na tabia za maneno katika kamusi (Mdee, 2010).
Tofauti nyingine ni kwamba katika leksikolojia maana ya maneno ni elekezi ambayo yanaongozwa na nadharia ya kisemantiki na muundo wa maneno wakati katika leksikografia maana nyingi ni fafanuzi ambazo hutegemea wazungumzaji wa lugha na sio watunga kamusi yaani wanaleksikografia (Mdee,1985).
HITIMISHO
Hivyo basi tunaweza tukasema kuwa licha ya tofauti zilizofafanuliwa hapo juu dhidi ya dhana hizi mbili, ukweli ni kwamba dhana hizi mbili zinahusiana kwa karibu sana hasa katika mchakato mzima wa kukusanya na kuandaa kamusi. Hivyo ni vigumu sana kuzitenganisha dhana hizi mbili kwani zinaonekana kama pande mbili za shilingi ambapo upande mmoja usipokuwepo haiwezi ikaitwa ni shilingi tena.
MAREJEO
Mdee, J.S. (1985). Ukusanyaji wa Data ya Leksikografia naMatatizo yake; Mifano kutoka Kiswahili katika Mulika na.17: Dar-es-Salaam.TUKI
Mdee, J.S. (2010). Nadharia na Historia ya Leksikografia: Dar-es-Salaam.TUKI
Ndumbaro, E. (2013). Kusigana na Kulandana kwa Msamiati; Kufanana na Kutofautiana kwa Leksikografia, Leksikolojia na Leksikoni: Imenukuliwa kutoka www.chomboz.blogspot.com tarehe 1.4.2015 saa 2:30 usiku
Concise Oxford Dictionary.(2001).London: Oxford University Press.
Mwl Maeda
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