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SWALI: Jadili dhana ya ubunilizi katika Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari

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SWALI: Jadili dhana ya ubunilizi katika Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari
#1
SWALI:
Jadili dhana ya ubunilizi kama inavyojitokeza katika riwaya ya Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari.
Kazi yetu imegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni utangulizi, kiini cha kazi na hitimisho. Katika utangulizi kuna maana ya riwaya na maana ya ubunilizi, katika kiini cha kazi kuna vipengele vya ubunilizi kama vilivyojitokeza katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI na KUFIKIRIKA, na hitimisho ni mawazo kuhusu dhana na vipengele vya ubunilizi kama ilivyojikeza katika riwaya hizo.
Riwaya ni kazi ya kinathari au kibunilizi ambayo huwa na urefu wa kutosha, msuko uliojengeka vizuri, wahusika wengi walioendelezwa kwa kina, yenye kuchukua muda mwingi katika maandalizi na kuhusisha mandhari maalumu (Wamitila, 2003).
Riwaya ni utungo wenye sifa ya ubunifu, usimulizi, mpangilio au msuko fulani wa matukio, ufungamano wa wakati, mawanda mapana na uchangamano (Mulokozi, 1996).
Kwa ujumla, riwaya ni masimulizi ya kinathari yenye ubunilizi na yenye kutumia lugha ya mjazo katika kuwasilisha mawazo yake.
Ubunilizi ni ubunifu aliyonao mtunzi kwa kubuni na kuingiza au kutumia kazi yake ili ilete mvuto na manato kwa hadhira. Mbinu hii huakisi kipawa cha utunzi alichonacho mtunzi na kumtofautisha na watu wengine.
Kwa kutumia vitabu viwili vya riwaya KUFIKIRIKA kilichoandikwa na SHAABANI ROBERT, na MIRATHI YA HATARI kilichoandikwa na C.G MUNG’ONG’O, vifuatavyo ni vipengele vya kibunilizi vilivyojitokeza katika riwaya hizi;
Dayalojia, ni kitendo cha mtunzi kutumia kauli za majibizano katika kuwasilisha mawazo yake au kazi yake katika jamii husika. Katika kipengele hiki mwandishi hutumia vinywa vya wahusika katika kuwasilisha maudhui aliyonayo katika jamii husika. Kwa mfano katika kitabu cha KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi ametumia dayalojia ndani ya masimulizi kama inavyojidhihirisha katika (uk… 27),
Mfalme anasema:    “nimetumia fedha nyingi kwa mafunzo yako lakini mwalimu wako wa kwanza                                  hakufanya kitu ila upotevu…” Mtoto wa mfalme anajibu  “wajua baba kuwa mimi sichukii mtu ambae amekubaliwa na   utukufu  wako. Lakini mwalimu huyu ni bora?…”
  Vilevile, katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI dayalojia imejitokeza katika (uk. 19), mazungumzo kati ya Gusto na Mzee Mavengi yanayohusu usihiri;
   Mzee Mavengi: “unaziona shanga hizi?                                   Gusto: ndio  
Mzee Mavengi: na manyoya haya?                                
Gusto: ndio                             
Mzee Mavengi: Basi hili baba yako alilitumia kama ndege ulaya akiwamo kazini”.
Ujadi, ni utumiaji wa kauli, matendo au mazingira ya asili yanayofungamana sana na jamii inayoandikiwa. Katika riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi ametumia kipengele cha ujadi katika kazi yake kama vile methali, misemo na mazungumzo mbalimbali ya jamii husika; mfano katika (uk. 5), mwandishi ametumia methali isemayo “nyumba ya mgumba haina matanga”, vilevile mwandishi ametumia misemo mablimbali kwa mfano (uk. 37), “maisha ya mwongo ni mafupi”, pia mwandishi ametumia matendo mbalimbali ya kiganga katika kusawiri maisha halisi ya jamii husika kama ilivyoelezwa katika sura ya pili (uk. 8) na kuendelea ambapo mwandishi ameonesha makundi mabalimbali ya waganga pamoja na shughuli zao, makundi hayo ni:
 “waganga wa mizizi,                                
waganga wa makafara,                                
Waganga wa mazinguo,                                
waganga wa hirizi,                               
 waganga wa mashetani,                               
 waganga wa utabiri”
Waganga wote hao wanatumia dawa mbalimbali za asili kama mitishamba, dawa za wanyama, makombe, mashetani na ramri za kila aina.
Katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI, mwandishi ametumia methali, nahau, matambiko, na vyakula vya asili mfano, kiapo katika matambiko (uk. 16-17) anasema;
“nye misoha gya vakuhu                                
Nye vasehe yemwalonguwe                                
Nye vayangu yetulilumwi”
Pia mwanndishi ameonesha ujadi kwa kutumia vyakula vya asili kama vile maboga ya kuchemshwa na viazi vya kuchomwa, (uk. 3).
Utomeleaji, ni muingiliano wa tanzu, utanzu mmoja kuingilia au kuwekwa kwenye utanzu mwingine, mwandishi wa riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA ametumia shairi katika (uk. 18) kama usemavyo;
 “MFALME na MALKIA,                               
Katika KUFIKIRIKA,                                
Siku ya kuzaliwa,                                
Mtoto tuliyetaka….”
Halikadhalika, katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI, mwandishi ametumia mbinu hii kwa kutumia barua, nyimbo, na simu ya maandishi mfano simu ya maandishi (uk. 9) anasema;
       “GUSTO BABA MAHUTUTI NJOO HARAKA KITAMBI”
Pia picha inayoonekana juu ya kitabu pamoja na nyimbo (uk. 16,17, 32 na 33),
mfano katika (uk. 33) Mavengi anaimba,                               
 “Gende ve dadna, gende                                
Umvipwawo apigile uwivina                                
Avedze lukule                                         
Gende, yane danda gende…”
Tanzia, ni mbinu ambayo mwandishi hutumia vipenegele mbalimbali ambavyo huibua huzuni, masononeko, masikitiko au mateso na majonzi kwa hadhira yake. Katika riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi anasema; “Mimi na malkia tumefadhaishwa mno na ugumba na utasa katika nyumba yetu wala hatujui tufanye jambo gani litawezaa kutufanya kuwa wazazi wa mtoto ambaye atarithi ufalme wa Kufikirika” (uk. 5). Pia katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI, mwandishi ametumia utanzia wa majonzi kwa Gusto kutokana na kufiwa na baba yake (uk. 13) ambapo anasema “tulimzika hayati baba…” mfano mwingine ni kutoka kwa mama Gusto ambapo anamwambia mwanae Gusto akisema “sipendi nimpoteze tena hata mmoja wenu kabla sijafa, alikaribia kulia nikamwonea huruma lakini wazo lilikua limekwisha kunivamia akilini..” (uk. 29).
Ufutuhi, ni mbinu ambayo msanii hutumia ucheshi au furaha kwa hadhira yake mfano kejeli, utani, dhihaka, raha, ubeuzi na mizaha. Mfano Katika riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi ametumia ufutuhi kama vile dhihaka (uk. 27) anasema; “naona sura yake imechujuka kwa fikra”, pia katika (uk. 17) anasema “Nimefurahi sana kwa kujaliwa kupata mtoto na nimependezwa mno…….”. vilevile katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI mwandishi ametumia ufutuhi kupitia utani kati ya John, Gusto na Rajabu (uk. 8), anasema “akamjibu kwa shere hunielewi nini yakhe? Una baridi ya bisi nini kaka?”.
Taharuki, ni hali ya kuwa na shauku ya kutaka kujua juu ya nini kitafuatia katika usimulizi wa kazi ya fasihi. Katika riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi ameonesha taharuki kwa kutumia jina la kitabu “KUFIKIRIKA” ambapo humfanya msomaji kutaka kujua zaidi nini kilichomo ndani ya kitabu, na masuala ya usihiri (uk. 8), mwandishi ameonesha kwa kutumia mambo ya ushirikina ambapo msomaji hutaka kujua nini kinachofuata katika riwaya.   Vilevile, katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI mwandishi ametumia taharuki mbalimbali ikiwemo pale Gusto anapokua anaongea na baba yake kwa mara ya mwisho (uk.12) kuhusu kumrithisha mambo ya usihiri.
  Mfano;  
Hapo nilishituka nikamaka “Baba…!”“Najua hukulitegemea hili, mwanangu lakini hakuna mwingine wa kunirithi” sauti yake  ilikuwa ya kutetemeka yenye amri. Alisema “Jina lako nimekwishalipeleka mbele ya wenzangu watakapokuja usishangae”.
Usawiri wa wahusika, ni kitendo cha kuwachora, kuwafafanua, kuwatambulisha na kuwajemnga wahusika huku wakipewa maneno, matendo, hadhi na uwezo unaolandana au unaouwiana na uhusika wao. wahusika hutumia mbinu kadha wa kadha ili kusawiri uhusika wao katika kazi ya fasihi ikiwemo majazi,uzungumzaji nafsi,kuzungumza na hadhira ,kuwatumia wahusika wengine ,ulinganifu na usambamba wa maelezo. Katika riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA mwandishi ametumia mbinu ya majazi, mfano, kiongozi amepewa jina la “mfalme”, pia “malkia” ambaye ni mke wa mfalme katika (uk. 1), na “utubusara” (uk. 48) ambaye ni mtu mwenye busara. Vilevile katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI, mwandishi amemtumia mhusika Gusto anaposhuhudia mambo ya usihiri (uk.80) anasema;
 “Nilimwangalia mzee huyu akienda angani kama kimulimuli”
Ufumbaji, huu ni utumiaji wa kauli zenye maana fiche, Ufumbaji hujitokeza katika kichwa cha habari,majina ya wahusika,sura ya kazi,na hata aya. Mwandishi wa riwaya ya KUFIKIRIKA ametumia kauli zenye kuonesha maana fiche,kauli ambazo huwa na maana tofauti na umbo la nje la kazi au matini husika.Katika riwaya hii ufumbaji umejitokeza katika (uk.28)anasema;
 “Kutu huaribu chombo kisichotumiwa.Lazima ubongo wake utengwe na uharibifu wa kutu”.
Vilevile katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI mwandishi ametumia kipengele hiki katika kazi yake, ametumia ufumbaji au fumbo katika(uk.8) ambapo anasema; 
“ Gusto kapata simu!” 
alitamka rafiki yangu John.                                
 “Atavuta sigara leo”.
Ritifaa,ni hali ambayo mtu mmoja hufanya mawasiliano na mtu aliye mbali naye, umbali huo waweza kuwa wa kijografia au kufariki. Katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI Mwandishi ametumia ritifaa kupitia kiapo cha asili ambapo Gusto anaapa ili arithi mikoba ya uchawi wa baba yake (uk.17). Anaapa kwa mizimu akitumia lugha ya asili ambayo kwa Kiswahili ina maana ya ;                               
 “Enyi mahoka wa mababu,                               
 Enyi wazee mliotangulia,                                
Enyi wenzangu,                                
Sikilizeni kiapo change,                                
Sitasema wala kuwaza lolote,                               
 La ndani ni la ndani,                                
Nishindwe mara tatu,                               
 Pembe hili linichome moto…!”
Pia katika (uk. 71-72) ambapo Gusto yupo makaburini anaongea na mpenzi wake ambae alishafariki. Anasema; “pokea zawadi hizi za maua mfuto….”
Kisengerenyuma, hii ni namna ya kupangilia vitushi au kusimulia kwa kuanza na tukio-tokeo kisha kufuatia tukio-chanzi ili kuboresha hamu ya hadhira kujua muundo wa vitushi katika kazi husika. Katika riwaya ya MIRATHI YA HATARI mwandishi ametumia mbinu hii katika (uk. 1) ambapo ameonesha tayari Gusto emerudi kutoka chuo lakini katika (uk. 3) ameonesha historia ya Gusto tangu alipozaliwa.
Hivyo basi, watunzi wa riwaya zote mbili wametumia kwa kiasi kikubwa mbinu mbalimbali za ubunilizi ili kuleta mguso pamoja na kuzifanya kazi zao ziweze kuvutia. Lengo kuu la kutumia vipengele vya ubunilizi ni kufikisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa kwa hadhira yake ambapo kwa kiasi kikubwa waandishi wamefanikiwa kufikisha ujumbe kwa jamii husika.
MAREJELEO
Mulokozi,M.M.(1996), Fasihi ya Kiswahili,Dar es salaam:OUT.
Mung’ong’o C.G. (2016), Mirathi ya Hatari. Dar es salaam. Tanzania. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Limited.
Shaaban R (2013), Kufikirika. Dar es salaam. Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers limited.
Wamitila. K.W (2003), Kamusi ya fasihi; Istilahi na Nadharia. Nairobi. Focus publication Ltd.
Mwl Maeda
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