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SWALI: Vipengele vya kibunilizi vimejitokezaje katika Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari

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SWALI: Vipengele vya kibunilizi vimejitokezaje katika Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari
#1
SWALI: 

Vipengele vya kibunilizi vimejitokezaje katika riwaya ya Kufikirika na Mirathi ya Hatari?
MAJIBU
Kazi hii imegawanyika katika sehemu kuu tatu ambapo sehemu ya kwanza ni utangulizi ambao umebeba fasili ya riwaya na dhana ya ubunilizi, sehemu ya pili ni kiini cha swali ambacho kinaonesha vipengele vya ubunilizi kama vile ufutuhi, utomeleaji,ritifaa,ufumbaji,tanzia,usawili wa wahusika na ujadi jinsi vilivyojitokeza katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari” iliyoandikwa na C.G.Mung’ong’o na riwaya ya “Kufikirika”iliyoandikwa na Shaaban Robert na sehemu ya tatu ni hitimisho ya kazi hii ambayo imebeba umuhimu wa vipengele vya ubunilizi katika riwaya ya Kiswahili kwa ujumla wake.
Riwaya ni hadithi iliyotungwa ambayo ina urefu wa kutosha, visa vinavyooana na ambayo imezingatia suala la muda. (Mlacha na Madumlla 1991).
Riwaya ni utungo wa kinathari wenye maneno kati ya 35,000 hadi 75,000 ambapo riwaya fupi huwa na maneno kati ya 35,000 na 50,000 na ndefu huwa na maneno kama 75,000. (Mphahlele 1976).
Riwaya ni utanzu unaoweza kuanzia maneno 35,000 na kuendelea. (Muhando na Balisidya 1976).
Udhaifu wa fasili hizi ni kuwa kufasili dhana ya riwaya kwa kutumia kigezo cha maneno haitoshi kwani mtu anaweza kuweka habari yoyote ile katika idadi hiyo ya maneno lakini isiwe riwaya. Hapa jambo la muhimu ni kuwa inapaswa ksuwa na mchangamano wa matukio, ujenzi wa wahusika na dhamira, muundo wake na hata mtindo.
Kwa ujumla, riwaya ni utanzu wa fasihi andishi unaohusu kazi ndefu za kibunifu za kinathari ambazo zina mawanda mapana, (visa, matukio, dhamira, wahusika, muundo na mtindo) na mchangamano wa fani na maudhui yake na kuzungumzia tukio la wakati fulani mahususi.
Ubunilizi ni uwazaji na uundaji wa wazo katika hali inayohalisika. Aghalabu dhana hii imetokana na kitezi “buni” ambalo humaanisha kuunda jambo ambapo jambo hilo huwa katika hali ya kidhahania kabla halijaonekana au kudhihirika kwa hadhira kupitia ogani za fahamu. Kupitia ubunilizi msanii ama mtunzi ana uwezo wa kubuni visa na wahusika kwa njia ambayo haikanganyi katika maisha na kuleta uhalisia.
Vipengele vya kibunilizi vinajitokeza katika riwaya mbalimbali vikitumiwa na waandishi wenyewe kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, hivyo vifuatavyo ni vipengele vya kibunilizi kama vilivyojitokeza katika riwaya ya “Kufikirika” iliyoandikwa na Shaaban Robert na“Mirathi ya hatari”iliyoandikwa na C. G. Mung’ong’o;
Ritifaa, hii ni hali ambayo mtu mmoja hufanya mawasiliano na mtu aliye mbali naye kijiografia au kifikra. Mtu huyo anaweza akawa anazungumza na mtu aliyekufa zamani au mtu aliyesafiri na yuko mbali na hivyo anaongea naye kwa fikra tu. Kwa mfano katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari”ritifaa imejitokeza wakati Gusto anaapishwa kule pangoni. Mzee Mavengi anasema katika ukurasa wa (17),“Enyi mahoka wa mababu, enyi wazee mliotutangulia”. Hapa mzee Mavengi anaongea na watu waliokufa zamani (wazee) na mahoka (vitu ambavyo havionekani) kifikra tu. Pia wakati Gusto anakwenda kwenye kaburi la mpenzi wake Dina anaongea peke yake juu ya kaburi kama vile anaonana na Dina akiwa hai, ukurasa wa (72) anasema, “Dina, sina budi kuondoka kesho jioni kurudi shuleni. Itakuwa ni muda mrefu baadaye nitakapokuja kukuona tena, lakini kurudi ni sharti nitaarudi. Hili naahidi. Nachukia sana kukuacha peke yako.” Anayaongea yote hayo akiwa juu ya kaburi la Dina kama anaongea na Dina aliye hai. Piakatika kitabu cha “kufikirika” kipengele hiki kimejjitokeza hasa katika matatizo ya mfalme. Katika Ukurasa wa (3) Mfalme anajisemea mwenyewe,“maskini mwenye mtoto namuona kuwa ni bora kuliko mimi na pengine moyo wangu huona wivu juu yake”. Pia Ukurasa wa (3) Mfalme anajisemea mwenyewe, “lakini ni sikitiko kubwa kwa kukosa mtoto”. Pia Ukurasa wa (25) Mfalme anajisemea,“Kijana safihi na mbumbumbu! Sijapata kuona mfano wake. Namna watu kama hawa wapatavyo ualimu na sifa mimi sielewi”. Hapa mfalme alikuwa akizungumza peke yake yaani anaongea na hadhira ambayo haiko karibu naye bali ni katika mawazo yake tu.
Utanzia, utanzia ni hali ya kuleta huzuni kwa kutumia vipengele mbalimbali kwa hadhira yake. Utanzia hujengwa kwa kutumia mambo mbalimbali kama vile; mateso, ugumu wa maisha, mabaa kama njaa na magonjwa. Katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari utanzia unajitokeza pale Gusto anapopelekwa kwenye moto na mzee Malipula ili akubali kuwa yeye ndiye aliyemuua Kapedzile. Mwandishi anasema katika ukurasa wa (48),“…Nilipotamka neno hapana tu Malipula alinishika kwapani akanisogeza karibu na moto huo. Miguu yangu ikawa nusu mita hivi kutoka motoni. Maumivu yalliyofuatia yalikuwa hayavumiliki, nikajaribu kujivuta lakini sikuweza.” Utanzia pia unajitokeza wakati Gusto akiwa kwenye njozi anapoona mama yake na dada yake Nandi wakiungua kwa moto na kugundua kweli walikuwa wamekufa kwa kuchomwa na moto. Mwandishi anasema ukurasa wa (78), “Moto uliendelea na uharibifu wake kwa kasi ya ajabu. Mama na Nandi wakateketezwa kwa moto! Dakika ile nilisikia uchungu usio kifani! Moyo ulinusuru kupasuka. Nikalia kilio cha huzuni isiyo tumaini…..uchungu wa mama ukanichoma moto!Pia kifo cha Dina mpenzi wake Gusto kinaleta huzuni ukurasa wa (72).Pia katika riwaya ya “Kufikirika” dhana hii imejitokeza kama ifuatavyo. Ukurasa wa (32), “wakati mtoto wa mfalme akiwa mgonjwa, mfalme alisema “lakini mtoto niliyepata sasa ni mgonjwa sana. Yaonekana kwamba matumaini yangu yote ya kurithiwa na mwanangu karibu yatapondwa chini”. Pia katika Ukurasa huohuo, mfalme anasema “Mwanangu akipatwa na faradhi msiba utanipeleka ahera mara moja”.  Kukosa mtoto ni tatizo ambalo lilikuwa linamsumbua mfalme na kujiona kuwa hafai katika jamii yake.Matukio kama haya husababisha huzuni na jitimai kwa msomaji au msikilizaji kwa kumhurumia mhusika.
Kisengelenyuma, ni hali ya kusimulia kwa kuanza na tukio tokeo na kumalizia na tukio chanzi. Mwandishi huanza kuonesha kitu kilichopo tayari kabla kuelezea kilivyotokea. Kwa mfano riwaya ya “mirathi ya hatari” mwanzoni kabisa mwandishi ameanza kuonesha tayari Gusto akiwa chuo kikuu kabala ya kuelezea huku nyuma alisomea wapi shule ya msingi na sekondari. Pia ameanza kuonesha mkasa ambao ulimpata Gusto na familia yake kwa ujumla kabla ya kuonesha ulivyotokea au ulisababishwa na nini? Anasema ukurasa wa (1-2), “….kwa jumla ni hali inipayo ridhisho ambalo sijawahi kulipata mahali pengine tangu nyumba yetu ifarakane katika mkasa ule uliokitikisa kijiji chetu ukaashiria mfarakano mkubwa Zaidi, mkasa uliokiacha kijiji kizima katika mahame”. Pia mwandishi anaelezea mahusiano yaliyopo tayari kati ya Gusto na Lulu na mipango ya kuoana kabla ya kuelezea Lulu na Gusto walianzaje kuingia katika mahusiano ya kimapenzi. Anasema ukurasa wa (2), “kwa yakini ni ridhisho ninaloweza tu kulishabihisha na penzi la Lulu-Lulu yule aliyeniliwaza mawazo akanipa upendo dhahiri hata nikasahau kabisa uzito wa maisha ya ukiwa. Kwa hakika maisha yangu bila yeye sijui yangekuwaje. Mipango yangu sasa ni kumwoa punde tumalizapo masomo yetu hapo mwakani.”
Utomeleaji, huu ni mwingiliano wa tanzu zingine za fasihi katika riwaya. Kwa mfano, mtunzi kuchopeka ushairi kwenye riwaya na matumizi ya barua. Katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari” mwandishi ametumia barua, kwa mfano ukurasa wa (24) Dina anamuandikia barua mpenzi wake Gusto kumpa pole ya kufiwa na baba yake, anasema:
“Gusto wangu,       
Nina uchungu wa moyo na masikitiko makubwa juu ya kifo cha mzee wako mpenzi.
Habari hiyo ilinifikia kama pigo kubwa. …..Mara upatapo barua hii njoo haraka. Nina jambo muhimu la kukueleza.
Na …..ah!
Maneno yamenippotea!                                                                                                                                 
 Dina.
Pia kuna matumizi ya nyimbo katika riwaya ya 
“Mirathi ya hatari”
Mwandishi anaonesha ukurasa wa (33),
“Mavengi aliyachoma yale mawe matatu niliyoyachukua. ….Alikuwa anaimba hivi,                                    
“Gende, ve
dadna,   gende;                                                                                                              
Umwipao apugile uwuvina;                                                                                                                            
Avedze lukule;                                                                                                               Gende, yane danda, gende…
Maana yake, “Damu tembea mpwao atambalie umwinya. Katika riwaya ya “Kufikirika” kumejitokeza tenzi mfano katika Ukurasa wa (18-19) kuna utenzi wenye beti 4 beti la tatu ni;                                       
“Jina lake Milele.                                                                                 Lazima likumbukwe.     
Kama watu wateule.                                                                                        Na yeye anakiliwe.                                                                                          Nchi ijae tele.                                                                                                  Watu mfano wa yeye.                                                                                      Daima kwendambele.                                                                                   Mambo yatazaamiwe”.
Pia kuna utenzi mwingine Ukurasa wa 37, utenzi huu unabeti moja tu ambalo ni;                                                                 
“Kweli kama lebasi.                                                                                Uongo nao matusi. 
Tena  Kitu azizi halisi.                                                                                      Uongo pia najisi.             
Mtu mwema haaugusi”.
Hizi ni tanzu ambazo zimechopekwa katika riwaya hizo na waandishi hao kama mbinu ya kibunilizi. 
Ufumbaji, ni utumiaji wa kauli zenye maana ya uficho. Kauli hizo huwa na maana iliyo tofauti na umbo la nje. Ufumbaji huweza kuwa majina ya wahusika, aya au sura nzima na jina la kitabu chenyewe. Ufumbaji umejitokeza katika sehemu mbalimbali katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari”,kwa mfano jina la riwaya yenyewe“mirathi ya hatari” ni la kiufumbaji, kwa kawaida binadamu anaposikia urithi au mtu anaporithi inategemewa kuwa anarithi vitu vya thamani kama vile nyumba, magari au pesa, lakini mwandishi wa riawaya ya “mirathi ya hatari” anaonesha urithi anaorithi Gusto ni uchawi ambaoanaurithishwa na baba yake. Kwa mfano ukurasa wa (12) anasema, “mwanangu, nakuachia kazi kubwa. Ni urithi mkubwa ukiutumia vema, bali pia ni mirathi ya hatari usipojihadhari nayo. Nakuachia dawa zote na milki yangu katika mizungu ya sihiri. …Hapo nilishituka.”
 Pia katika katika riwaya ya,“kufikirika” jina lake ni la kimafumbo. Kwa mjibu wa mwadishi jina hili linatokana na jina la nchi ambayo nayo pia haipo katika ulimwengu halisi mwandishi amesema katika utangulizi kuwa,sehemu ya (vii) anasema,“Kufikirika ni nchi moja kubwa katika nchi za dunia. Kazikazini imepakana na nchi ya Anasa. Kusini nchi ya Majaribu, mashariki bahari ya Kufaulu na magharibi safu ya milima ya Jitihadi”.Pia ukurasa huohuo anasema,“Njia ya kwenda nchi hiyo hukanyagwa kwa fikira siyo nyayo”.Vilevile majina ya wahusika yasiyokuwa na umahususi mafano “mfalme, malkia, mtoto wa mfalme, waziri mkuu, makundi ya waganga, mwerevu, mjinga, wanachama, wanachuoni, wanashaeria, waongozi wa dini, mahatibu na mkulima”. Majina haya yametumika kwa lengo la kufanya kazi hii iwe na ufiche.
Taharuki, ni hali ya kuwa na dukuduku la kuendelea kusoma kazi ya fasihi. Taharuki hujengwa kwa kutumia mambo kadhaa kama vile matendo ya wahusika, kisengelenyuma na mabadiliko ya sura. Hii inajitokeza katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari” ambapo mwandishi ameanza kuonesha mipango baada ya wanakijiji kuhama. Ukurasa wa (1) anasema, “ni juma la pili leo tangu nifike hapa kuwasaidia ndugu wanakijiji hawa katika operesheni sogeza; operesheni ya kuhamia katika vijiji vya maendeleo.” Pia kitendo cha Gusto kutoroka kutoka pangoni, ukurasa wa (34) anasema, “na mara ile Mavengi alianza kunisogelea nikaona wakati wangu umewadia. Nikakurupuka nikauandama mlango, mbio. ….yule mzee bawabu alinyanyuka kunizuia, lakini nilimpiga kumbo la bega akatetereka.”Katika riwaya ya “kufikirika” imejitokeza sehemu mbalimbali kama vileukurasa wa (38), “kwa sababu hii kila raia alihofu kuwa atakamatwa na kuchinjwa kama mnyama”, pia Ukurasa wa (39) mwandishi anasema “Mwerevu alipokuwa hawezi kuona hata njia ya nyembambaa ya kujiokoa, mjinga aliweza kuona barabara pana ya kujiokoa mwenyewe namwenziwe”. Pia taharuki imejitokeza ukurasa wa (8) wakati waganga walipo tengwa katika makundi katika kudadisi ni kundi gani litafanikiwa kuponya ugumba wa mfalme na utasa wa malkia. Haya matukio yote humfanya msomaji aendelee kusoma riwaya hii ili kujua kitakachotokea au kuendelea baadaye.
Dayalojia. Dayalojia ni mbinu ya majibizano katika kazi ya fasihi, katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari” mwandishi ametumia dayalojia pale ambapo mzee Mavengi anamchukua Gusto na kumpeleka kwenye mapango. Majibizano yao yanaoneshwa ukurasa wa (19); 
“Baadaye mzee Mavengi alilichukua moja la yale mapembe matano akalionyesha
kwangu akisema;                                    
 “Unazionashangahizi?   
Ndiyo                                                                                                              Na manyoyahaya?                                                                                          Ndiyo   
Basi hili baba yako alilitumia kama ndege Ulaya akiwamokazini  
Lakini mbona ni dogo sana kulinganisha na kimo cha mtu?”
Hayo ni majibizano kati ya Gusto na mzee Mavengi wanapokuwa kule pangoni mahsusi kabisa kumpa Gusto elimu kuhusu uchawi.
Katika riwaya ya“kufikirika” ukurasa wa (4) katika mazungumzo kati ya Mfalme na Waziri, Ukurasa wa (5-7) mazungmzo ya mfalme na waganga, Ukurasa wa (23-26) mazungumzo ya mwalimu na mfalme, Ukurasa wa (27-28) mazungumzo kati ya Mwalimu na mgeni. Kwa mfano katika ukurasa wa (24) Mfalme anasema, “Pia nilikataa kuwa mwanangu asicheze ila asome wakati wote lakini hukutii”na mwalimu anajibu kuwa “umefanya vyema, Mfalme mtukufu, kwa kutangulia kunitoa kazini”. Hapo wanazungumza kwa kupeana nafasi ili mwingine azungumze huku mwingine akisikiliza kabla ya kuzungumza. 
Ujadi, hii ni hali ya kutumia vipengele vya fasihi simulizi katika kazi ya fasihi andishi. Hapa mwandishi huweza kutumia mambo kama vile nahau, methali na ama misemo. Hii inajitokeza katika riwaya ya “mirathi ya hatari” ukurasa wa (39), anasema, “majuto daima ni mjukuu”, ukurasa wa (73) anasema pia, “dawa ya moto ni moto.” Siyo hivyo tu lakini pia ukurasa wa (27) anasema, “mtegemea Mungu si mtovu.Pia katika kitabu cha riwaya cha“kufikirika” kuna matumizi ya methali mfano Ukurasa wa(6) mwandishi anasema“mwenye haya hazai”. Piaukurasa wa(26)“milima haikutani binadamu hukutana”. Vilevile Ukurasa wa(5) anasema,“nyumba ya mgumba haina matanga”.Pia matumizi ya majina ya waganga Ukurasa wa(8) ambao ni “waganga wa mizizi, waganga wa makafara, waganga wa mizinguo, waganga wa hirizi na waganga wa mashetani”. Pia Ukurasa wa (4) neno “ramli” na Ukurasa wa (9) neno “makafara”.Pia “makombe, Gilani, Kinani, ktimari, makusuri, shamhariri na ruhani. Huo ni ujadi ambao waandishi hao wamepachika kwenye riwaya hizo.
Usawili wa wahusika, ni kujenga wahusika kwa kuwapa maneno na matendo yanayofanana na uhusika wao. Katika riwaya ya “Mirathi ya hatari”Gusto ni mhusika ambaye jina lake na anavyofanya vinasawili, kwa  mfano ukursa wa (1) anashirikiana na wanakijiji kama ishara ya kuonesha kuwa elimu ya chuo kikuu imemsaidia kuwa na kushirikiana na jamii yake. Pia kitendo cha Gusto kutotaka kuwa mchawi ni usawili way eye kama mtu ambaye hataki ukale yaani uchawi. Katika riwaya ya“kufikirika”kuna usawiri wa wahusika, kwa mfano, mhusika “Mfalme” amepewa maneno yanayofanana na wadhifa wake kwa mfano katika sura ya kwanza ukurasa wa (1-3) mfalme anaelezea juu ya vitu vilivyopo katika nchi yake, maneno ambayo ni ya kawaida kwa watawala mfano Ukurasa wa (3) Mfalme anasema “nina majeshi ya askari walio shujaa, waongozi hodari na raia wema na watii”. Pia mhusika Utubusara ujinga hasara ametumiwa kutetea utu kwakuepushaumwagajidamunaalijitahidikuepukananaujinga mfano katika ukurasa wa (40) mjinga anasema “Hapana haja ya kumdharau mwanamke”. Hapa mtu mwerevu hawezi kumdharau mtu mwingine bali mjinga tu ndiye huweza kufanya hivyo.
Ufutuhi, hii ni mbinu ya ucheshi inayotumiwa na mwandishi kutokana na matendo na maneno ya wahusika. Katika riwaya ya “kufikirika”mbinu hii imejitokeza sehemu mbalimbali, kwa mfano; mwandishi ametumia ucheshi katika kutoa kauli za kejeli kama vile ukurasa wa (11) anasema, “mfalme na malkia walilemewa na uzito wa hirizi juu ya miili yao wakashukuru siku walipoamuriwa kuzivua…”,  pia katika ukurasa huohuo mwandishi anasema “siku hiyo kuni, makaa na mafuta yote yalikwisha kwa kuchoma hirizi hizo”. Vilevile katika ukurasa wa (45) mwandishi anasema, “kama mkulima si mjinga na mchuuzi si mwerevu”, kauli hii imetumiwa kwa ajili ya kukejeli ambapo inaleta ucheshi. Vilevile majina ya wahusika mfano “Utubusara ujinga hasara” Ukurasa wa (47), ni jina la mhusika ambaye alipinga ujinga na umwagaji damu za watu na jina hilo linaleta hali ya ufutuhi kwa msomaji.
Kwa ujumla vipengele vya kibunilizi katika kazi ya fasihi huweza kusaidia kuonesha uumbaji wa tanzu hizo. Kuainisha maudhui, kuondoa uchovu wa kuendelea kusoma, kuweka msisitizo, kujikaribisha na uhalisia, Kushirikisha hadhira katika kutafakari kwa ukaribu, kujitanibu na ghasia za kufuatwafuatwa na mkono wa dola, kuonesha ufundi wa mtunzi katika kusawili maneno na hadhi ya wahusika. Vipengele vingine vinavyoweza kutumiwa na mwandishi katika kazi ya fasihi ni kama vile muundo, mtindo, ujumbe, vitushi, dhamira, wahusika na ushikamani                                                                                                                          
MAREJELEO
Mhando, P. & Balisidya, N (1976). Fasihi na Sanaa za Maonyesho, Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishig House.
Mlacha, S & Hurskainen, A., (1995). Lugha, Utamaduni na Fasihi Simulizi ya Kiswahili, TUKI na Chuo Kikuu cha Helsinki.
Mung’ong’o, C. G (1977). Mirathi ya hatari. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
Robert, S (2013). Kufikirika. Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd.
Mwl Maeda
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