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UHUSIANO WA FONETIKI NA FONOLOJIA
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UHUSIANO WA FONETIKI NA FONOLOJIA
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Uhusiano uliopo kati ya Fonetiki na Fonolojia
Fonetiki na fonolojia ni vitu viwili ambavyo haviwezi kutenganishwa kamwe.Fonetiki ina mchango mkubwa sana katika taaluma ya fonolojia. Kwa maneno mengine naweza kusema kwamba fonolojia ya lugha maalumu haiwezi kuwepo endapo fonetiki haitakuwepo. Usemi huu unathibitika katika misingi au kwa sababu zifuatazo:
Sauti zinazoshughulikiwa katika taaluma ya fonolojia zimechotwa au zimechukuliwakutoka katika taaluma ya fonetiki ndani ya jedwali la alfabeti za kifonetiki za kimataifa(AKK) Thorne(1997) kwa upande wa sauti konsonanti na viyeyusho. Irabu nazozimechukuliwa kutoka katika kielelezo trapeziam ya irabu msingi, sauti ziitwazo foni.Kwa maana nyingine fonimu zote za lugha ni foni zilizochukuliwa kutoka katika taalumaya fonetiki. Hivyo basi fonolojia hutegemea sauti zilizoko katika taaluma ya fonetikindani ya AKK na Trapeziam ya irabu msingi.
Ubainishaji wa fonimu katika taaluma ya fonolojia hutumia sifa bainifu au pambanuzi zilizoanishwa katika taaluma ya fonetiki, hususani tunapochunguza sifa zafonimu za jinsi ya matamshi, na mahali pa matamshi, mwinuko wa ulimi, sehemu zaulimi na mkao wa midomo wakati wa utamkaji. Ni dhahiri kwamba fonimu zina sifa bainifu za kifonetiki ambazo zinazitofautisha fonimu moja hadi nyingine, lakini ili iitwefonimu ni lazima iwe na uamilifu katika lugha maalum. Kupitia kielelezo cha trapeziam ya irabu msingi utagundua sehemu za ulimi zinazohusika pamoja na miinuko yake.
Sifa za fonimu za kifonetiki zinatupatia makundi asilia ya fonimu katika taalumaya fonolojia. Katika taaluma ya fonolojia ya lugha kuna fonimu ama vitamkwakonsonanti, irabu, na viyeyusho na ndani ya fonimu hizi kuna makundi asilia yavipasuo,vikwamizi, vilainisho, nazali, irabu pamoja na viyeyusho ambavyovimegawanywa kwa misingi ya kifonetiki.
Taaluma ya fonetiki inatupatia sifa za msingi za fonimu ambazo ni usonoranti, ukontinuanti, usilabi,unazali, uanteria ukosonanti na kadhalika. Na kutokana na sifahizi makundi makuu ya fonimu hupatikana. Mfano irabu zote zina sifa ya usilabi. Kutokana na sifa za kifonetiki bado fonolojia inaangalia uamilifu wa fonimu namabadiliko yake katika mfumo wa lugha maalum.
Vile vile fonolojia hutoa kanuni za kiuandishi na kuonesha umilisi wa lugha na utendaji.
Mwl Maeda
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