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NADHARIA YA SOSHOLOJIA “SOCIOLOGICAL THEOY”

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NADHARIA YA SOSHOLOJIA “SOCIOLOGICAL THEOY”
#1
Nadhari ya Sosholojia (Sociological Theory)

Mihimili ya Nadharia hii

(1) Umahsusi na sio umajumui

Ilikuwa mahususi zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizotangulia: badala ya kujikita katika taaluma ya sanaa jadi kwa ujumla (maumbile ya mwanadamu na utamaduni wa mwanadamu) kama walivyofanya wanadharia wa zamani, nadharia ya usosholojia ilijikita katika jamii peke yake. Hii ilikuwa baada ya kugundua dosari zilizofanywa hapo kabla; dosari za kutoa matamko ya juu juu na ya kijumla zaidi

Kauli hizo mara nyingi zilitupilia mbali vipengele fulani vya maisha kmv lugha na mienendo mingine….. hakika viliitofautisha jamii moja dhidi ya nyingine. Kwao, tofauti zilizokuwepo baina ya jamii moja na nyingine zilikuwa na maana zaidi kuliko kufanana kulikokuwepo.

Kwa hiyo wanasosholojia waliazimia kuchunguza kila jamii kwa wakati na nafasi yake, kwa kurekodi kila kilichopatikana katika jamii husika (sanaa jadi yao). Wataalamu mbalimbali walioongoza jitihada hizi ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao:

Bronislaw Malinowski na A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (Uingereza) hawa walichunguza jamii mbalimbali katika Pasifiki, na waliandika mengi
kuhusu jamii hizo. Jamii hizo ni pamoja na visiwa vya Trobriand na Andaman mutawalia

Franz Boas (Marekani) huyu alichunguza jamii za wenyeji wa Marekani

Wapo pia wataalamu wengi waliofanya utafiti wao, na kuandikia kuhusu jamii za Kiafrika ambao ni pamoja na hawa wafuatao

i. E.E. Evans-Pritchard………Nuer (Sudani)
ii. Geoffrey Lienhardt……..Dinka (Sudani)
iii. William Boscom…….Yoruba (Nigeria)
iv. S.F. Nadel………..Nupe (Nigeria)
v. Marcel Griaule……….Dogon (Burkina Faso)

Ingawa hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa, kulikwishakuwepo wataalamu wengine waliotafiti na kuandika kuhusu FS ya kiafrika lakini wataalamu hao waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiubadilikaji taratibu zaidi.

(2) Mkazo katika Utendaji -Tofauti na ilivyokuwa kwa wananadharia wa nadharia zilizotangulia ambao hawaku…. “They were not interested in studying the performers of oral tradition” wanasosholojia waliweka msisitizo katika kuchunguza PERFORMERS/watendaji wa fani mbalimbali za FS. Kutokana na msisitizo wao huu imebainika kuwa Fanani wa FSwanaujuzi na ustadi wa kiutendaji katika sanaa husika (ubunifu wao ni mkubwa sana).Jambo hili… limetusogeza mbele kidogo ktk kuielewa FS Wanasosholojia walidiriki na kuthubutu kudokeza kuhusu sifa za ndani za kimtindo katika FS ya kiafrika

(3) Msisitizo juu ya dhima ya Fasihi Simulizi katika jamii

Tofauti na ilivyokuwa imedhaniwa hapo mwanzo kuwa FS ni mabaki tu ya zamani na kwamba hayakuwa na umuhimu wowote katika maisha ya jamii katika zama za kisasa, wanasosholojia waliamini kuwa uamilifu wa FS uko hai na haufi na kwamba unabadilika kulingana na maendeleo ya jamii husika. Dhima hizo ni pamoja na DHIMA ZA KIJAMII ZA FS…KWA MUJIBU WA WANASOSHOLOJIA


Fasihi Simulizi ni kama Encyclopedia ya hekima za jamii husika :Hii ni kwa mujibu wa Bascom 1959 ambaye alifanya utafiti katika Poetry of Divination katika jamii za Wayoruba wa Nigeria FS ni nyenzo muafaka ya kurekodia hatua mbalimbali za maendeleo ya jamii husika. Aylward Shorter 1969…..the tales of origin katika jamii ya Wakimbu Tanzania

FS inasaidia na imeendelea kusaidia kuimarisha ‘authority of statement or a custom in situation kama vile katika mahakama au contests for Chieftaincy. J.C. Messenger…..Anang of Nigeria 1958, J.B. Christenseu……Fante of Ghana 1958. Hawa walichunguza Methali katika jamii
zilizotajwa

CHANGAMOTO ZAKE…….Pamoja na uzuri uliotajwa bado kuna changamoto kadhaa


Given far less time to illuminating and analyzing the artistic properties of African OL

They have published tale, in flat, unimpressive prose,  eliminating features of oral style (repetition and exclamation) They have done few carefully analyses of techniques of the original language that appealed to the audience of the tale in the first place

The circumstances surrounding the performance of the tale (ushiriki wa hadhira, matumizi ya ala za muziki, nk) not reported

Hata pale ambapo wamejaribu kuuleza vyema muktadha huu, umuhimu na nafasi yake katika kufanikisha au kukwamisha ngano husika haujaelezwa

Ilikuwa vigumu sana kwa kutumia mbinu zao kuona ni kwa vipi ngano kwa mfano inaweza kuwa fasihi

Pia kutokana na mbinu yao ya kusisitiza umuhimu wa FOLKLORE katika utamaduni wa watu, wataalamu kmv BOSCOM NA BEN-AMOS walisisitiza kuwa “Any judgement of a folk text must be based on the views of the society from which the text come”Wazo hili ni zuri sana lkn, ikiwa kazi za fs ya kiafrika zitaeleza mawazo ya wageni na si ya wenyeji, kmv boscom na amos, ni kwa sababu sanaa hizo zina sifa fulani fulani ambazo zinaenda na kueleza mambo fulani yaliyo mbali na dhana ya uzuri kwa waafrika. Mazingira km haya yakitokea, ni jukumu la mwandishi, ikiwa kweli wanaelewa vyema lugha husika, kufafanua sanaa husika na sifa za sanaa hiyo ilimuradi wageni waikubali sanaa husika na waipokee. Kwa hiyo mkabala wa MUKTADHA WA KIJAMII waliokuwa nao wanasosholijia ulikuwa FINYU SANA….. changamoto ya kiuhakiki ktk kazi za kifasihi

HITIMISHO
Hata kabla ya wataalamu hawa kufanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia, walishakuwepo wataalamu wa mwanzo  ambao walifanya uchunguzi wa kisosholojia. Tofauti kubwa ni kuwa wale wa mwanzo waliongozwa na mawazo ya kiuibukaji waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na ….kizazi cha Franzer.

Hawa wa baadaye walijihusisha na kuhamasika zaidi na HISTORIES OF THE CULTURES THEY STUDIED. Pia waliongozwa na kuhamasishwa na mawazo ya Malinowski. Pia hawa wa baadaye walitilia mkazo matumizi na uamilifu wa sanaa jadi za kiafrika  katika jamii SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS OF OL


Hata hivyo, bado wataalamu hawa hawakufanikiwa au hitimisho lao halikuendana na tathimini ya karibu na kina kuhusu material walizozikusanya. Hii ni kwa sababu hawakuwa na ujuzi wa kutosha katika lugha za jamii za kiafrika
Mwl Maeda
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