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TENZI TATU ZA KALE

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TENZI TATU ZA KALE
#1
[Image: DSCF0436%5B1%5D.JPG]

Na Profesa Mbele
Leo napenda kukitambulisha kwako mdau kitabu muhimu cha ki-Swahili, Tenzi Tatu za Kale. Nilinunua nakala yangu miaka kadhaa iliyopita katika duka la vitabu la Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam.
Kitabu hiki ni mkusanyo wa tenzi tatu za kale maarufu: Fumo Liyongo, uliotungwa na Muhamadi Kijumwa; Al Inkishafi, uliotungwa na Sayyid Abdalla bin Ali; na Mwanakupona, uliotungwa na Mwana Kupona binti Mshamu. Kitabu kimehaririwa na M.M. Mulokozi, profesa mstaafu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam. Kilichapishwa na Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili mwaka 1999.
Hizi ni kati ya tenzi maarufu kabisa katika ki-Swahili. Kwa msingi wa sanaa na maudhui, tenzi hizi zina hadhi kamili ya kuwemo katika orodha ambayo kwa ki-Ingereza huitwa “classics.”
Fumo Liyongo ni hadithi inayomhusu shujaa Fumo Liongo, ambaye mimi, kutokana na utafiti wangu wa miaka mingi, napendelea kumwita Liongo Fumo. Huyu ni shujaa wa kale, labda miaka elfu moja iliyopita, na ndiye anayesifika kuliko wote tangu zamani katika jamii ya wa-Swahili.
Alikuwa pandikizi la mtu, mwenye vipaji kadhaa: kuwashinda maadui, shabaha katika kutumia upinde na mshale, ufundi wa kutunga nyimbo na mashairi. Juu ya yote, alikuwa muungwana sana, mfano wa kuigwa. Lakini alifanyiwa visa na ndugu yake ambaye alikuwa mfalme, hadi hatimaye akauawa na kijana mdogo, ambaye alikuwa mpwa wake.
Al Inkishafi ni utenzi wa tafakuri na falsafa kuhusu maisha, ambao umejikita katika kuuliza maana ya maisha ni nini. Mtunzi alilishughulikia suali hili kwa kuzingatia jinsi ustawi na utukufu wa wa-Swahili, hasa wa mji wa Pate, ulivyoanguka. Pate ulikuwa mji maarufu, wenye hadhi na mali, lakini kutokana na masaibu mbali mbali, ullipoteza hadhi hiyo na kuishia kuwa magofu.
Hii dhamira imeshughulikiwa tangu zamani na waandishi wengi wa pande za Arabuni, Uajemi, Ulaya na sehemu zingine duniani. Wanafalsafa pia wamehoji maana ya maisha, hasa wanafalsafa wa mkondo wa “existentialism.”
Mwana Kupona ni utenzi uliotungwa na mama kumuusia binti yake kuhusu maisha ya ndoa, wajibu wake katika maisha hayo, na wajibu wake kwa watu kwa ujumla. Huu ni utenzi maarufu sana, ambao ni chimbuko la tungo za waandishi wengine, kama vile Shaaban Robert.
Mhariri amefanya kazi nzuri ya kuweka maelezo juu ya historia ya tenzi hizi, kuhusu watunzi, na kuhusu tafiti zilizofanywa juu ya tenzi hizi. Ametoa orodha ya maandishi ya wataalam mbali mbali, kumwezesha msomaji kufuatilia zaidi masuala hayo.
Kwa bahati nzuri, katika utafiti niliofanya kwa miaka mingi kuhusu tungo za kale za ki-Swahili, nimezitafiti tenzi hizi tatu, hasa Utenzi wa Fumo Liongo, ambao nimeutafiti kwa kina na kujipatia umaarufu kama mtafiti anayeongoza katika utafiti wa utenzi huu na masimulizi husika.
Watafiti bado wana majukumu makubwa ya kutafiti tenzi hizi na tenzi zingine. Kazi moja muhimu inayohitaji kufanyiwa bidii sana ni kuangalia miswada mbali mbali ya kila utenzi. Inahitajika juhudi na umakini kuangalia maneno yaliyotumika katika miswada hiyo, sentensi na lahaja, na kubaini tofauti zinazojitokeza.
Kuna tofauti za kila aina baina ya mswada na mswada, na ni juu ya watafiti kuzitambua na kuzitolea maelezo. Miswada ya tenzi zote za zamani za ki-Swahili inatofautiana katika vipengele mbali mbali.
Jukumu jingine ni kuzunguka katika maeneo ya wa-Swahili, kama vile mwambao wa Kenya, ambako nilifanya utafiti miaka ya 1989 hadi 1991. Huko nilikutana na mabingwa wa lugha na tungo za ki-Swahili, kama vile Mzee Ahmed Sheikh Nabhani wa Mombasa, na wazee wengine wa miji kama Witu na Lamu. Ni muhimu watafiti waende Pate, Siu, na kadhalika. Pia tunahitaji kufanya utafiti zaidi katika hifadhi za miswada ya ki-Swahili iliyopo katika maktaba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam, Chuo Kikuu cha London, Berlin, na sehemu zingine.
Tenzi Tatu za Kale ni hazina kubwa kwa wasomaji wa kawaida, watafiti, na wanafunzi, hadi kiwango cha chuo kikuu. Kwa bahati nzuri kitabu hiki kinapatikana kirahisi Tanzania. Ninakipendekeza kwa yeyote anayetaka kujiongezea ufahamu wa lugha na fasihi ya ki-Swahili.
Mwl Maeda
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