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SARUFI MAPOKEO, (YA KALE) WANAZUONI WALIVYOCHANGIA KATIKA MAENDELEO YA SARUFI ULIMWEN

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SARUFI MAPOKEO, (YA KALE) WANAZUONI WALIVYOCHANGIA KATIKA MAENDELEO YA SARUFI ULIMWEN
#1
NA CHARLES TIMOTHEO
Kabla ya kueleza mcango wa wanamapokeo ni vema kueleza maana ya sarufi. Dhana ya sarufi imefasiliwa na wataalamu mbalimbali huku kila mmoja akitoa fasili yake, wataalamu hao waliofasili dhana hii ni kama wafuatao.
TUKI (2004) sarufi ni kanuni za lugha zinazotumika ili kupata ufasaha wa usanifu katika lugha.
Massamba (2004) yeye anaeleza kuwa sarufi ni taaluma ya lugha inayohusu uchunguzi na uchanganuzi wa kanuni za n vipengele mbalimbali vya lugha.
Massamba na wenzake (1999) pia wameeleza kuwa sarufi inahusu  kanuni, sheria au taratibu zinazotawala  kila kimoja kati ya viwango vinne vya lugha ambavyo ni umbosauti (Fonolojia), umbo neno (Mofolojia), Miundo maneno (Sintaksia) na umbo maana (Semantiki).
Katika fasili hizi juu ya dhana ya sarufi wataalamu hawa kila mmoja amejaribu kugusa baadhi ya vipengele katika fasili zao, vipengele hivyo ni kama vile kanuni na vipengele vya lugha. Hivyo tunaweza kufasili sarufi kuwa ni kanuni, sheria na taratibu zinazotawala lugha katika viwango vyote vya lugha yaani kiwango cha fonolojia, mofolojia, sintaksia na semantiki.
Khamisi na Kiango (2002) wanaeleza kuwa sarufi mapokeo  ni sarufi ya kale ambayo ilijitokeza kuanzia karne ya 5KK, ambayo ilionekana kutokuwa na msimamo wakisayansi katika kuelezea lugha bali zilikuwa na mwelekeo wa kifalsafa.
Massamba na wenzake (1999) wanafafanua kuwa sarufi mapokeo ni sarufi elekezi iliyosisitiza usahihi wa lugha kwa kuonesha sheria ambazo hazina budi kufuatwa, mathalani, kufanya muundo fulani wa sentensi usemekane  kuwa sahihi, au sheria ambazo hazina budi kufuatwa  ili kufanya matamshi ya neno fulani yakubalike kuwa ndio sahihi.
Sarufi  hizo za kimapokeo zilikuwa zikisisitiza jinsi ambavyo lugha haikupaswa kuwa. Kwa  mfano sarufi mapokeo ingekubali sentensi (a) mpaka © na kuzikataa (d) mpaka (f) hapa chini.
(a)    Kalamu hii ni yangu
(b)   Kiti hiki ni chetu
©    Mtoto huyu ni wenu
(d)   Kalamu hii ni ya mimi
(e)    Kiti hiki ni cha sisi
(f)    Mtoto huyu ni wa nyinyi
Pia wanasarufi mapokeo waliamini kuwa lugha ya Kilatini ilikuwa ni bora kwa kuwa lugha hii  ilikuwa imeenea zaidi. Waandishi  wengi walichukulia moja kwa moja kwamba taratibu zilizokuwa zikitumika katika kuainisha au kuchambua sarufi za lugha hiyo ambazo ndizo zilizokuwa sawa na ndizo zilizostahili kutumiwa katika uchambuzi na uainishaji wa lugha yeyote duniani. Hiyo ndiyo sababu sarufi za lugha nyingine zilizoandikwa hapo zamani zilifuata taratibu na muundo wa sarufi ya Kilatini. Kwa mfano umoja na wingi, kwa kuwa lugha ya kilatini zilikuwa na nomino za umoja na wingi, hivyo basi waliamini kuwa nomino za lugha zote duniani zilikuwa na maumbo ya umoja na wingi.
Sarufi ya kimapokeo ni sarufi kama ilivyokuwa ikichambuliwa kwa kutumia mtazamo na mbinu za kimapokeo, ikitazamwa katika mwelekeo wa kimapokeo, sarufi hii ni taaluma ambayo imekuwepo kwa muda wa karne nyingi na kuelezwa na wataalamu mbalimbali wa kale kama wafuatao;
Panin, huyu ni mwanasarufi mapokeo ambaye anakumbukwa kwa kuainisha sauti za lugha ya kisansikriti katika karne ya 5, alizigawa sauti hizo katika  vokali na konsonanti na neno kama vile majina na vitenzi. Utafiti huu ulifanywa huko india ya kale katika karne ya 5.
Kimsingi Panin alichangia sana katika maendeleo ya sarufi ulimwenguni kwani kategoria za maneno ambazo aliziainisha kama vile majina na vitenzi bado zinatumika katika lugha nyingi duniani ikiwemo Kiswahili,
Plato,  naye pia alichangia kwa kuigawa sentensi katika makundi mawili makuu, makundi hayo ni nomino na tendo. Yeye aliamini nomino ni maneno yaliyoweza kufanya kazi ya kiima na tendo ni maneno yenye kueleza  matendo au sifa za kiima.
  Mfano;          (a)Alinunua saa
(b)Alikimbia sana.
Makundi haya aliyaita kiarifu.katika falsafa sentensi iliundwa na Kiima na Kiarifu. Sentensi haikuwa kamili kama haikudhihilisha vitu hivyo yaani kiima na kiarifu. Mchango  wake mkubwa katika dunia yetu ya lugha,  maelezo ya sentensi yalitakiwa yaoneshe ukweli wa falsafa ya Kiima na Kiarifu, hivyo sentensi ilitawaliwa na kanuni hii,
                        S    =   KM            +         KF
Ukweli huu haukuwa na mashiko zaidi kwani lugha mara nyingi zilionyesha sulubu tofauti tofauti za kuifanya kanuni isifanye kazi. Pamoja na udhaifu huu Plato amechangia sana katika dhana ya kiima na kiarifu katika lugha nyingi duniani.
Kwa mfano Kiswahili;
                                      (a)  Mama anapika ugali
                                       (b)  Mama analima shamba
Katika mifano hii “Baba” na “Mama” ni kiima na sehemu ya sentensi anapika ugali na analima shamba ni kiarifu.
Donates, huyu ni mwanamapokeo mwingine.  Ni  mwanasarufi mapokeo wa karne ya 4, ambaye aligundua mambo mawili ambayo ni tofauti kati ya nomino na kivumishi. Pia aliangalia upatanisho, utawala na mrejeo sawa katika sarufi, kabla ya hapo aliandika sarufi elekezi na pia aliandika sarufi ya jumla ambayo ilikuwa na mantiki ya lugha zote duniani.
Protagoras:  Nae alitoa mchango wake katika sarufi mapokeo kwa kutumia kigezo cha maana. Aliainisha aina tatu za sentensi ambazo ni swali, maelezo na amri.
   Mfano ;        (a) Mwalimu amekuja?  (swali)
                          (b) Mwalimu anfundisha vizuri (maelezo)
                         © Njoo hapa mara moja (amri)
Udhaifu wake ni kwamba anaainisha sentensi kwa kuzingatia kigezo cha maana bila kuzingatia vigezo vingine kama vile muundo ambapo tunaweza kupata sentensi sahili, changamano na ambatano.
Licha ya udhaifu wake dhana yake ya kuainisha sentensi kwa kigezo cha maana bado inatumika katika lugha mbalimbali kama vile;
 Kiingereza.
                 Mfano (a)  What is he doing? (swali)
                             (b)  Mariam is reading (maelezo)
                             ©  Come here (amri)
Kiswahili:
               Mfano   (a) Mtoto amekula? (swali)
                              (b) Mama ameenda sokoni (maelezo)
                              © Kimbia (amri)
Aristotle:  Pia alichangia kwa kuongeza aina ya maneno ambayo ni kiungo na njeo. Aliainisha Kiungo kuwa ni neno lolote ambalo sio Nomino wala Tendo. Akaongezea njeo kwa kuzingatia kuwa zilibadili umbile na kitenzi cha kigiriki. Katika uwanja wa kitenzi alitofautisha mtenda na kitenzi  na kutofautisha sentensi na vitenzi hivyohivyo. Pamoja na uainishaji huu aliainisha aina mbili za vitenzi ambavyo ni kitenzi elekezi na si elekezi.
Udhaifu wake ni kuwa aliainisha njeo kwa kuzingatia lugha ya kigirikibila kuangalia lugha zingine duniani mfano lugha za kibantu na lugha za kihindi.
Mchango wake mkubwa katika sarufi ya leo dhana za njeo na kiungo bado zinatumika. Mfano katika kiswahili, kiungo ni kiunganishi ambacho kinaunganisha neno na neno, mfano baba na mama, na njeo ni dhana inayoonyesha wakati katika tungo.
Mfano;   -Mama anapika (wakati ujao)
               -Mvua itanyesha (wakati ujao)
               -Mwalimu alikuja (wakati uliopita)
Mifano hii inapatikana katika lugha ya kiswahili, pia dhana ya uelekezi na si elekezi hujitokeza katika sarufi ya kiswahili.
Mfano;   Juma amelala (si elekezi) kwa sababu kitenzi hiki hakihitaji maelezo zaidi.
                Mtoto amelalia (elekezi) kwa sababu kitenzi hiki kinahitaji maelezo zaidi ili msikilizaji apate maana iliyokusudiwa.
Dionysius Thrax:  Yeye alitenga aina nane za maneno katika lugha ya kigiriki, maneno hayo ni kama vile nomino,kitenzi, faridi peke, kielezi, kiungo,kibainishi, kihusishi, na kibadala.aliona kuwa neno ndio mwanzo na maelezo ya kisarufi na sentensi kuwa ndio kikomo cha maelezo ya sarufi. Pia aliipa sentensi maumbo mawili, umbo la ndani na umbo la nje. Kwake umbo la ndani ndio lenye kufafanua maana ya sentensi na umbo la nje linatokana na mageuzo ya umbo la ndani.
Udhaifu wake ni kuwa hakuangalia kategoria ya kivumishi katika uainishaji wake ambapo lugha nyingi duniani zina aina hii ya maneno.
Licha ya udhaifu huu lakini kimsingi aina hizi alizoziainisha zinatumika katika lugha nyingi dunianiikiwemo lugha ya kiswahili. Pia dhana ya umbo la nje na la ndani linajitokeza katika lugha ya kiswahili.
            Mfano;    Juma amempiga mtoto (umbo la nje)
                          Mtoto amepigwa na Juma (umbo la ndani)
Apollonius:  Mtaalamu huyu anaelezea uhusiano kati ya nomino, hasa kati ya kitenzi na nomino na kati ya maneno haya na maneno mengine ambapo lugha nyingi duniani zinaangalia mahusiano ya karibu ya dhana hizi mbili yaani nomino na kitenzi.
Udhaifu wa hoja za mtaalamu huu ni kuwa alijikita zaidi katika kuangalia uhusiano kati ya kitenzi na nomino bila kutilia maanani uhusiano baina ya maneno mengine mfano kivumishi na kielezi.
Licha ya udhaifu wake kimsingi maelezo yake ya uhusiano yalijenga misingi ya ufafanuzi na maana ya miundo ya lugha.
Varro: Ni mmoja ya wanasarufi mashuhuri kabisa wa wakati huo. Anasifika kwa kutenga viambishi na minyumbuliko katika maumbo ya maneno.
Udhaifu wake ni kwamba alijikita sana katika minyumbuliko zaidi kuliko dhana nyingine kama vile uambatizi.
Ubora wake ni kuwa dhana ya viambishi na mnyumbuliko bado zinatumika katika sarufi ya kiswahili.
  Mfano; M-toto a-na-pik-a (viambishi)
               Pika, pikia, pikika (mnyambuliko)
Priscian:  Ni mtaalamu aliyekuwa mashuhuri kuliko wote, yeye alitunga vitabu kumi na nane. Alitafriri msamiati wa sarufi ya kigiriki na kuitumia kuelezea lugha ya kilatini. Pia alitoa maelezo ya kutosheleza na yenye nidhamu kuhusu maumbo.
Udhaifu wa mtaalamu huyu ni kuwa alijikita zaidi katika kutafsiri msamiati wa kigiriki kwenda lugha ya kilatini bila kuangalia lugha nyingine duniani.
Ubora wake ni kwamba kutokana na kuandika vitabu kumi na nane ilisaidia kutoa mwanga kwa waandishi wachanga waliokuwa wakiibuka kwa wakati huo na kupelekea mapinduzi katika sarufi mapokeo na kuibuka kwa sarufi mambo leo.
Kwa kuhitimisha tunaweza kusema kuwa licha ya sarufi mapokeo kuwa na mapungufu lakini sarufi hii ndio chemchem na chachu ya kuibuka kwa sarufi elekezi na fafanuzi ambayo ilifanya wataalamu mbalimbali kujikita katika uwanja huu wa sarufi.
Mwl Maeda
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