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MCHANGO WA MOFOLOJIA KATIKA TAALUMA YA ISIMU

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MCHANGO WA MOFOLOJIA KATIKA TAALUMA YA ISIMU
#1
Chuo Kikuu cha Katoliki Afrika Mashariki
Bewa la Langata
Kitivo cha Elimu/ Kitivo cha Sanaa na Sayansi za Kijamii
Idara ya Kiswahili
Kozi: Kis 300; Mofolojia ya Kiswahili
Kazi ya Muhula
Mada: Mchango wa mofolojia katika taaluma nzima ya isimu.
Chaka Jumaa Ngombeko
Muhula: Agosti-Disemba, 2015
UTANGULIZI.
Isimu hushughulikia uchunguzi wa lugha mbalimbali kwa kutumia misingi ya kisayansi. Matawi ya isimu kama fonetiki, fonolojia, semantiki, mofolojia na sintaksia ndiyo huifanya isimu kuonekana kuwa sayansi ya lugha kulingana na majukumu mbalimbali yanayofanywa na matawi haya katika lugha.
Fonetiki huchunguza sauti za lugha ya binadamu; nayo fonolojia huchunguza jinsi sauti hizo huweza kuunganishwa na kuunda maneno yenye maana na baadaye mofolojia huangalia maneno yaliyoundwa miundo yake na kuzalisha maneno zaidi.
Mofolojia ni taaluma ya isimu ambayo ina jukumu la kuchunguza maneno ili kuelewa maumbo yake yalivyo (Mgullu, 1999).
MCHANGO WA MOFOLOJIA KATIKA TAALUMA NZIMA YA ISIMU.
Matthews (1991, Uk3) Mofolojia ni tawi la isimu linaloshughulika na ustadi wa maumbo ya maneno na jinsi maumbo hayo yanavyotumika katika miktadha mbalimbali ya matumizi ya lugha. Jukumu la neno husika katika sentensi hubainika vyema kulingana na uhusiano baina ya maneno mengine katiaka tungo. Kwa mfano: Jumaa amefika chuoni. Jumaa ni kiima kwani ndilo neno linalohusika na utendaji ilhali amefika chuoni ni kiarifu kwani sehemu hii inatoa maelezo juu ya kiima.
Maneno ni maumbo katika lugha yanayojisimamia. Maneno yenye maumbo sahili huwa na mofu moja tu; hayawezi kukatwakatwa na kutoa mofu zingine. Mofu hizi ni mofu huru. Kwa mfano baba, mama.Kwa upande mwingine maneno yenye maumbo changamani huwa na mofu zaidi ya moja; yaani kiambishi awali, mzizi na kiambishi tamati. Kwa mfano;
Mtangazaji {M+tangaz+a+ji}
{M}-kiambishi awali cha kunominisha;
{-tangaz-} mzizi wa nomino
{-a-} kiambishi tamati endelezi
{-ji}  kiambishi tamati cha kunominisha
Bauer Laurie (2003, Uk 91), taaluma ya mofolojia imegawanywa katika matawi mawili; mofolojia ya minyambuliko ya maneno na mofolojia ya uundaji wa maneno. Mofolojia ya minyambuliko ya maneno husaidia kupatikana kwa maumbo mbalimbali ya leksimu ilhali mofolojia ya uundaji wa maneno husaidia kupatikana kwa leksimu mpya. Maneno yanapoundwa husaidia katika kuboresha mawasiliano baina ya binadamu. Watumiaji wa lugha hutafuta njia mbalimbali ili kupata maneno yanayotosheleza mawasiliano yao. Hivyo basi mofolojia imejenga isimu-jamii.
Matthews (1991, Uk9) mofolojia ni tawi la kisarufi linalochunguza maumbo ya ndani ya maneno. Mofolojia hutilia maanani sarufi ambayo ndiyo sehemu muhimu ya kila lugha. Sarufi ndiyo uti wa mgongo wa kila lugha hapa duniani. Bila sarufi lugha haiwezi kuwa na muundo sanifu unaokubalika na wenye kueleweka na watumiaji wake. Mofolojia huangalia hijai. Mofolojia huhakikisha maneno yameendelezwa vizuri. Ni sehemu hii ndiyo inaonyesha jinsi mofolojia huchunguza muundo wa maneno ambayo yameundwa kwa kutegemea taaluma ya fonolojia.
Matthews (1991, Uk 63) mofolojia pia huonyesha mifanyiko mbalimbali ya maneno katika lugha. Kwa mfano nomino huweza kuundwa kutokana na vitenzi, kiwakilishi, vivumishi, kielezi. Katika lugha ya Kiingereza maumbo ya nomino hutokana na maumbo ya vitenzi yanapoongezewa mofu –ion-. Kwa mfano:generate-generation.
Katika lugha ya Kiswahili aina ya neno huweza kubadilika linapoambishwa au kunyambuliwa. Kwa mfano: nomino msomi inaweza kuzalisha maneno kama kisomo, masomo, somea, someka, kusomeka.
Mofolojia huhusika na utambuzi wa mofu, mofimu, shina, mzizi na alomofu katika neno. Dhana hizi ambazo zilizalishwa na taaluma ya mofolojia husaidia katika taaluma nzima ya isimu ambapo dhana hizi huleta maana katika maneno ya lugha. Maana inayopatikana katika maneno ya lugha ndiyo semantiki.
Mgullu (1999), mofu ni umbo la neno ambalo huwakilisha mofimu na ambalo hudhihirika kifonolojia. Mofu ni sehemu halisi ya neno ambayo ina maana.
Mtangazaji (M+tangaz+a+ji)
{M}                  kiambishi awali cha kunominisha;
{-tangaz-}        mzizi wa nomino
{-a-}                kiambishi tamati endelezi
{-ji}                 kiambishi tamati cha kunominisha
Kumekuwa na swala la kuainisha lugha hasa katika karne ya Ishirini. Hapo mwanzo kulikuwa na haja ya kuelewa lugha ya kilatini na Kigiriki. Uelewa wa lugha zingine uliendelea kukua pia; ndipo lugha zikaanza kuainishwa kifamilia. Katika taaluma ya mofolojia lugha zinaainishwa kulingana na muundo wa maneno ya lugha hizo. Kigezo hiki cha kimofolojia kinatupatia lugha ambishi na tenganishi (Matthews, 1991 uk3-4). Hii husaidia kutofautisha miundo ya maneno ya lugha mbalimbali. Hivyo basi mofolojia inasaidia kuelewa miundo ya maneno ya lugha. Pia wanaohitaji kujifunza lugha za kigeni huweza kujifunza kwa urahisi wanapoelewa muundo wa maneno ya  lugha hiyo.
Mgullu (1999, Uk 12), lugha ambishi ni ile lugha ambayo maneno yake huambishwa viambishi mbalimbali ambavyo huwakilisha maana mbalimbali; kwa mfano lugha ya Kiswahili- Neno: PIGA
Anapiga
Atapiga
Alipigia
Alipigiwa
Matthews (1991, Uk 20) Lugha tenganishi ni ile aina ya lugha ambayo maumbo ya maneno yake huonekana tu kama mofu moja moja. Mfano ni Kituruki, Kichina na Kiingereza.
Maumbo ya maneno ya lugha tenganishi hayaambishwi wala kunyambuliwa. (Mgullu, 1999 Uk 12). Kwa mfano katika lugha ya Kiingereza;
With,                     
                                    Rice.
 
Matthews (1991, Uk 19), mofolojia imeleta mchango mkubwa katika isimu nzima. Mofolojia ni kiungo muhimu katika isimu. Mofolojia imeweka wazi masuala muhimu kuhusu maumbo ya maneno katika lugha zote duniani. Mofolojia imeweza kusaidia wanaisimu kutambua mofu, mofimu, na alomofu katika kuchunguza miundo ya maneno katika lugha.
Kwa mfano; viambishi katika lugha ya Kiingereza hupatikana mwishoni mwa mzizi wa neno kwa sababu mara nyingi huonyesha dhana ya wingi; kama –s, ies, ren, (child-children). Katika lugha ya Kiswahili mara nyingi mzizi wa neno hutanguliwa na mofu ambayo ni kiambishi awali na kisha kufuatiwa na kiambishi tamati. Haya ni yale maneno ambayo yana mofu tegemezi. Kwa mfano:
-end-
                                    naenda
Siendi
                                    Endea
Endeleza
Hivyo basi mofolojia imesaidia kujua maumbo ya maneno ya lugha mbalimbali.
Matthews (1991, Uk 19-20) mofolojia inaeleza jinsi maneno katika lugha yanavyobadilika hasa kimaendelezo jinsi muda unavyosonga. Hapa mofoloia hujikita kuangalia mabadiliko ya maneno katika lugha husika kwa kuzingatia vipindi vya kihistoria. Mahitaji ya kimatumizi ya maneno husika katika lugha ndiyo husukuma wanajamii kubadili dhana za kimatumizi ya maneno fulani kulingana na wakati huo. Kwa mfano; neno girl (gyrle) hapo kale lilikuwa linamaanisha mtoto wa kiume au wa kike lakini likafinyika kimaana na leo hii linarejelea tu mtoto wa kike.
Katika lugha ya Kiingereza kipashio –pter- kiliazimwa kutoka lugha ya Kigiriki kikiwa kinamaanisha unyoya feather au ubawa wing. Kipashio hiki kimetumika kuunda neno helicopter ambapo kifaa hiki kina tabia sawa na dhana ya kipashio hicho (Katamba na Stonham, 2006 Uk.22)  Hivyo basi mofolojia imesaidia kueleza historia ya maneno katika lugha.
Matthews (1991, Uk 37) mofolojia husaidia katika kupeana njia mbalimbali za uundaji wa maneno katika lugha. Hii ni kwa sababu kila lugha inakua kulingana na mahitaji ya jamii yake. Kila lugha inahitaji maneno mapya yaundwe kila siku kwa sababu jamii mbalimbali hutagusana kila siku. Ili kurahisisha mawasiliano lazima kuwe na maneno yanayoweza kusaidia kurahisisha mawasiliano ya watu wa jamii hizo tofauti. Pia maneno yanaweza kuundwa ili kupeana majina vitu vigeni; yaani vitu vinavyovumbuliwa kila siku kupitia teknolojia. Kuna njia kama mwambatano, kutohoa, kubuni, akronimu. Maumbo ya maneno yanayoundwa hutegemea mazingira ya jamii na sheria inayothibiti uundaji wa maneno katika lugha hiyo. Hivyo basi mofolojia husaidia kuchagua njia mwafaka ya uundaji wa maneno kulingana na mazingira husika.
Mofolojia pia inadhihirisha uhusiano uliopo baina ya lugha moja na nyingine. Lugha nyingi duniani zinategemeana katika mawasiliano. Wenyeji wa lugha mbalimbali hulazimika kukopa maneno ya lugha za kigeni ili kusaidia katika mawasiliano. Mofu za kigeni zinapoingizwa katika lugha fulani  husahihishwa na kufuata muundo wa maneno ya lugha husika kulingana na sheria ya uundaji wa maneno wa lugha hiyo. Hivyo basi mofolojia imesaidia lugha nyingi kuingiza mofu za kigeni na kukuza lugha hizo na kurahisisha mawasiliano (Katamba na Stonham, 2006 Uk. 78-79).
Taaluma ya mofolojia hueleza ni kwa nini majina mengine huwa na maumbo yale yale katika dhana ya umoja na wingi. Majina kama maziwa, mchanga, maji hubaki vivyo hivyo kimaandishi katika umoja na wingi. Mofolojia imerahisisha kueleweka kwa hali hii kwani majina mengine huwa tu na dhana ya wingi au umoja katika akili za wazungumzaji. Mofolojia hutumia mofu kapa kuonyesha umoja au wingi wa majina kama hayo.
Kwa mfano:
Wingi                                      umoja
Maziwa                                    Ømaziwa
Mofolojia ndiyo chanzo cha kujifunza msamiati. Wanafunzi hutumia elimu ya mofolijia ili kutambua maana ya maneno yanayoibuka kila wakati. Mofolojia huwa na sheria ambazo humwongoza msemaji kuongeza umilisi katika lugha.
Mofolojia humhamasisha mwanafunzi kuhusu uandishi na usomaji bora katika lugha. Mwanafunzi huweza kujua namna ya kuandika maneno na maumbo yake mbalimbali.
Msomaji anapotambua sheria ya uundaji wa maneno katika lugha na jinsi ya kuandika na kusoma maneno humrahisishia kusoma matini mbalimbali na kuzielewa vizuri. Mofolojia husaidia kujua maana ya maneno inayonuiwa katika mawasiliano ndani ya lugha. Maana ya maneno huenda yakabadilika kutegemea mazingira yalimowekwa. Maneno yanapowekwa pamoja na maneno mengine katika tungo huweza kuwa na maana. Hivyo basi mofolojia imejenga semantiki na sintaksia na kuifanya isimu nzima ikue (Nagy, Carlisle & Goodwin (2013).
Maneno huweza kuwekwa katika makundi yaani ngeli. Nomino hugawanywa na kuainishwa kimakundi kulingana na sarufi; kila kundi likiwa na mabadiliko ya aina moja ya viambishi vya umoja na wingi (Kihore na wenzake, 2003).Mofolojia ndiyo imechangia kuainisha ngeli kisintaksia kwani maana ya maneno yanayofafanuliwa na taaluma ya mofolojia ndiyo huongoza uanishaji wa majina kisintaksia.
Marejeleo:
Bauer Laurie (2003), Introducing Linguistic Morphology: 2nd Edition. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
Katamba Francis and Stonham John (2006), Modern Linguistics Morphology: New York. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Kihore na wenzake (2003), Sarufi Maumbo ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es Salaam: TUKI
Matthews P. H (1991), Morphology (Second Edition): United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press.
Mgullu R. S. (1999), Mtalaa wa Isimu: Fonetiki, Fonolojia na Mofolojia ya Kiswahili. Nairobi. Longhorn Kenya Ltd.
Nagy, W. E., Carlisle, J. F, & Goodwin, A. P. (2013). Morphological Knowledge and Literacy Acquisition. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47(1) 3–12. DOI: 10.1177/0022219413509967.
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