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Eleza kwa mifano ya kutosha ngeli za upatanisho wa Kisarufi. Onesha uzuri na upungufu

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Eleza kwa mifano ya kutosha ngeli za upatanisho wa Kisarufi. Onesha uzuri na upungufu
#1
SWALI: Eleza kwa mifano ya kutosha ngeli za upatanisho wa Kisarufi. Onesha uzuri na upungufu wake.
                                                               
Fasili ya ngeli imejadiliwa na wataalamu na
wanazuoni mbalimbali, huku kila mtaalamu akiwa na mtazamo wake juu ya dhana
hii. Baadhi ya wataalamu na wanazuoni hao ni kama hawa wafuatayo:
Mgullu (1999: 148) anasema istilahi “ngeli”
imechukuliwa kutoka lugha ya Kihaya (Tanzania). Katika lugha ya kihaya neno
“ngeli” lina maana ya aina ya kitu.
Mgullu (1999: 148) akiinukuu Kamusi ya
Kiswahili Sanifu (1981) anaeleza kuwa ngeli ni utaratibu wa taaluma ya Sarufi ya
lugha katika kupanga aina za majina (nomimo) kama vile ki-vi, ma, n.k.
Mgullu anaendelea kusema kuwa fasili hii inapotosha.
Tunaamini ya kuwa ngeli ni kundi la nomino za aina moja na si ule utaratibu wa
kupanga nomino katika makundi kama fasili ya hapo juu inavyodai.
TUKI (1990) wanaeleza kuwa ngeli za nomino ni
kundi moja la majina yaliyo na upatanisho wa kisarufi unaofanana na viambishi
vya umoja na wingi vinavyofanana. Fasili hii inaonekana ni bora lakini tatizo
lake ni kuwa imeweka pamoja vigezo viwili, yaani kigezo cha kisintaksia na kile
cha kimofolojia. Kwa maoni yangu ni kuwa vigezo hivi haviwezi kutumika pamoja
kwa sababu havina uhusiano wa moja kwa moja. Wanaisimu na wachambuzi wengi wa
awali walijaribu kuvitumia vigezo vyote viwili kwa pamoja wakati wa kuainisha
ngeli za nomino za Kiswahili lakini walishindwa. Hali hii imesababisha
uainishaji wa ngeli katika lugha ya Kiswahili uonekane kuwa wa kutatanisha.
Massamba, D.P.B na Wenzake (2012) wanasema
kwamba ngeli ni mgawanyiko wa aina mbalimbali za nomino katika mtazamo wa
kisarufi katika fikra ya viashirio vya nomino katika aina nyingine za maneno
zinazoandamana nazo. Kwa maelezo mafupi tunaweza kusema ngeli za nomino huhusu
makundi ya majina; kila kundi likiwa na mabadiliko ya aina moja ya viambishi
vya umoja na wingi vyenye kuleta upatanisho wa kisarufi wa namna moja katika
vitenzi, vivumishi na viwakilishi. Kila ngeli ina kiambishi cha nomino zake
ambacho kinatawala viambishi vinavyorejelea nomino hiyo katika aina hizo
nyingine ziandamanazo nayo.
Massamba na Wenzake wanaendelea kufafanua kuwa
kila lugha inayotumia utaratibu wa ngeli huwa ina idadi fulani ya ngeli. Si
rahisi kusema kwa yakini hapo zamani lugha za kibantu zilikuwa na ngeli ngapi,
lakini tunajua kwamba kwa wastani lugha nyingi zina ngeli zisizopungua kumi na
zisizozidi ishirini.
Wanaisimu wengine Ashtoni (1944) na Broomfield
(1930) waliainisha majina baada ya Meinhof, walifuatisha mtindo wa Meinhof,
isipokuwa wanayaweka katika ngeli moja majina ya umoja na uwingi ambayo
yanachangia mzizi mmoja badala ya kuyaona kuwa ni tofauti. Kwa uainishaji huu
walipunguza idadi ya ngeli  hadi kufikia 9 tu.
Uainishaji wa akina Ashton na Broomfield
unafanana na ule wa Meinfoh kwa sababu wote wameegemeza uainishaji wao katika
umbo la viambishi awali vya majina. Hata hivyo uainishaji wao umekuwa mwepesi
zaidi kwa mtu anayejifunza ngeli za majina kwa vile unaonesha uhusiano wa umbo
la umoja na uwingi la majina ya aina moja. Zaidi ya hayo uchache wa ngeli hizi
unamfanya mwanafunzi azikumbuke kwa urahisi.
Kigezo cha sintaksia /upatanisho wa kisarufi:
   Huu ni mtazamo wa kisasa wa
uainishaji wa ngeli ambao umeyagawa majina katika makundi kulingana na
upatanisho wa kisarufi kati ya jina na viambishi awali vilivyo katika vitenzi.
Kwa mujibu wa mtazamo huu, majina yamepangwa katika makundi tisa ambayo ni:-
1.      A -WA
Mfano; Mtoto anacheza /
Watoto wanacheza.
            Mzee analima
/ Wazee wanalima.
             Mwanafunzi anasoma
/ Wanafunzi wanasoma.
2.      U – I
Mfano; Mkufu umekatika /
Mikufu imekatika.
             Mji umevamiwa
/ Miji imevamiwa.
             Mkaa umemwagika
/ Mikaa imemwagika.
3.      LI – YA
Mfano; Gogo limevunjika /
Magogo yamevunjika.
             Gari limepotea
/ Magari yamepotea.
              Jiko limewaka
/ Majiko yamewaka
4.      KI – VI
Mfano;   Kiapo kimekiukwa
/ Viapo vimekiukwa.
               Kilima kimesawazishwa
/ Vilima vimesawazishwa.
               Kikongwe kimeuawa
/ Vikongwe vimeuawa.
5.      I – ZI
Mfano; Ng’ombe imechinjwa /
Ng’ombe zimechinjwa.
             Nguo imechanika
/ Nguo zimechanika.
              Nchi imekosa
amani / Nchi zimekosa amani.
6.      U – ZI
Mfano; Ubao umeandikika /
Mbao zimeandikika.
             Ukuta umeanguka
/ Kuta zimeanguka.
             Uzi umetumika
/ Nyuzi zimetumika.
7.      U – YA
Mfano; Ugonjwa unatisha /
Magonjwa yanatisha.
             Uasi umekithiri
/ Maasi yamekithiri.
8.      KU
Mfano; Kulima kunachosha.
             Kuimba
kwake kunafurahisha.
           Kufurahi
kwake kumemponya.
9.      PA – MU
– KU
Mfano; Hapa pananuka.
             Humu mna
nzi.
             Kule kumebomoka.
UZURI
WA KIGEZO CHA KISINTAKSIA
a)      Unajitosheleza
kwa kuwa kila jina linakuwa na upatanishi wake katika kitenzi.
b)      Kimepunguza idadi
ya ngeli za nomino hivyo kurahisisha uwezo wa kuzihifadhi kichwani.
c)      Nomino hupangwa
katika ngeli zake kulingana na sifa na hadhi yake
d)     Hurahisisha kubainisha
umoja na wingi kwa nomino zisizo na maumbo dhahiri ya idadi
e)      Kigezo hiki
kimepunguza kujirudiarudia kwa ngeli
f)       Husaidia kubaini
uhusiano wa nomino na maneno ya kategoria nyingine katika tungo
g)      Husaidia
kuonesha urejeshi wa nomino kwenye kitenzi husika
UPUNGUFU
WA KIGEZO CHA KISINTAKSIA
         a)
Kuna viambishi vinavyojirudia. Mfano, U- imejitokeza katika
ngeli ya 2, 6 na 7.
         b)
Huyaweka majina yenye maumbo tofauti katika ngeli moja.
        c)  Kunaweza kuwa na utata katika upatanisho kwa baadhi ya majina
kama “makala” “Jambazi” na “Marashi”
Mfano;
Makala yamechapishwa.
 Makala
imechapishwa.
Sentensi
hizo zote zinatumika ila hatuna wingi wa makala katika Kiswahili
       d)
Ngeli ya kwanza umoja ina viambishi viwili Yu-/ na A-/
       e)
Kigezo hiki hakisaidii kutambua mofolojia ya nomino.
Hitimisho
Kwa
kuwa tumeshaona upungufu na matatizo ya uainishaji wa wataalamu na wanaisimu
hao, kuna haja ya wanaisimu na wanazuoni kuendelea kufanya utafiti na uchunguzi
ili kuondoa upungufu huo.
 MAREJELEO

Massamba, D.P.B. na Wenzake (1999). Sarufi
Miundo ya Kiswahili Sanifu (SAMIKISA) Sekondari na Vyuo. Dar es
Salaam: TUKI.
Mgullu, R.S. (1999). Mtalaa wa Isimu,
Fonetiki, Fonolojia na Mofolojia ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Longhorn
Publishers.
Rubanza, Y.I. (1996). Mofolojia ya
Kiswahili. Dar es Salaam: Chuo Kikuu cha Tanzania.
Taasisi ya Elimu (1996). Kiswahili
Kidato 1-4. Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.
TUKI. (1981). Kamusi ya Kiswahili
Sanifu. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
Swalo, D.B. (Muswada). Darasa la
Kiswahili: Kidato cha Tano na Sita
Mwl Maeda
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