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OSW 123/133: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (MAJIBU)

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OSW 123/133: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (MAJIBU)
#1
SWALI:1 Fasihi ya jamii yako ndogo ina nafasi gani katika kuimarisha na kuendeleza fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili?
JIBU
Fasihi ya
kitanzania  kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni
matokeo ya mchango wa fasihi za jamii ndogondogo zilizokusanywa pamoja kwa
kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili kama kielelezo cha utamaduni wa jamii ya watanzania
kwa ujumla.
Mchango wa fasihi ya
jamii ndogo unajidhihirisha katika fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili
kama ifuatavyo:
Ngoma, ngoma ni moja ya
vipengele vya fasihi kwa Kiswahili ambavyo hutoka katika fasihi ya jamii
ndogondogo kwa mfano ngoma ya jamii ya wamakonde (sindimba), ngoma ya Wazaramo
(mdundiko), zimechangia kuwepo kwa utanzu wa ngoma katika fasihi ya kitanzania
iliyoandaliwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Matambiko, ni fasihi ya
jamii ndogo ndogo na kila jamii huwa na kaida zake na mahali maalumu pa
kutendea. Kipengele hiki kinapochambuliwa na kujadiliwa katika fasihi kwa lugha
ya Kiswahili hakiondolewi asili yake wala hakifanywi kuwa kipengele cha jumla
kwa jamii zote.
Hadithi, masimulizi ya
kihadithi katika fasihi kwa Kiswahili hutoka kwenye masimulizi ya jamii ndogo
ndogo zilizopitia matukio mbalimbali yaliyoacha kumbukumbu zenye masimulizi
hayo kwa mfano jamii ya Wahehe inatoa masimulizi ya Mkwawa, jamii ya Wasukuma
inatupa masimulizi ya mtu ajulikanaye kama Ng’wanamalundi lakini pia jamii ya
Wangozi inatupa masimulizi ya Fumo Liyongo. Kwa hiyo masimulizi ya kihadithi katika
fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni mchango toka fasihi za jamii ndogo.
Elimu ya jadi,
itolewayo kwa vijana wa kike kama unyago na wa kiume kupitia jando ni mchango
wa fasihi za jamii zenye kutenda mambo hayo, hivyo fasihi ya kitanzania kwa
lugha ya Kiswahili inaposhughulikiwa katika kuchambua masuala ya jando na
unyago ni kwa sababu masuala hayo yapo ndani ya jamii zinazounganishwa kupitia
fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili
Umoja na mshikamano,
katika jamii huimarika na matabaka huondoka pale jamii inaposhirikiana katika
matukio ya furaha au huzuni kwa mfano katika sherehe mbalimbali zenye kukusanya
watu wa jamii tofauti si ajabu kuchezwa ngoma yenye asili ya jamii mojawapo
kati ya jamii zilizokusanyika, mathalani ngoma ya jamii ya Kichaga huweza
kuchezwa hata na watu wasio Wachaga na kufanya ngoma hiyo kuwa ya wote.
Mwingiliano wa kijamii,
kwamba fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili inasababisha mila na desturi za jamii
ndogondogo kuonekana kama kitu kimoja na kuchochea mwingiliano wa jamii hizo
hata kufikia hatua ya kuoana watu wa jamii tofauti kwa kuzingatia utaratibu wa
mila na desturi zilizorekebishwa hata kupunguza athari zilizokuwepo mwanzo.
Maendeleo na kuimarika
kwa fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni matokeo ya mchango mkubwa
toka fasihi za jamii ndogondogo zilizojitoa katika upekee na kuleta ujumla wa
kifasihi.
SWALI: 2 “Sauti ya
kilio cha kichanga ni ishara hisia, siyo zake tu bali za mama, yaya na jamii
nzima.” Je, dhana ya chanzo au isimu ya fasihi kutokana na kazi imekuja kujaje?
JIBU
Sauti ya kilio cha
kichanga ni mfano halisi wasauti anayoitoa msanii na mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi.
Sauti hiyo ya msanii wa kazi ya fasihi huwa imebeba hisia zilizosheheni moyo wa
mtunzi iwe zinamgusa yeye moja kwa moja au zinaigusa jamii yake. Kwa hiyo
mtunzi yeyote wa fasihi huwa kama kipaza sauti cha jamii na kupitia yeye
matatizo mbalimbali ya jamii yake huweza kusikika na kuvuma mbali na hatimaye
kupatiwa ufumbuzi. Miongoni mwa masuala yanayopigiwa kelele na wasanii ni
pamoja na:
Uzalendo, suala hili
limekuwa likijadiliwa kwa muda mrefu na wasanii mbalimbali kwa lengo la
kuhamasisha wanajamii kupenda nchi zao na hata kuwa tayari kutoa uhai mfano:
Zawadi ya Ushindi, Kusadikika na Mtu ni Utu ni miongoni mwa kazi za fasihi
ambazo watunzi wake wamekuwa wakipiga kelele kuhusu suala la uzalendo.
Maradhi, ujingana
umaskini- haya nayo ni masuala yanayochochea watunzi wa kazi za fasihi kupaza
sauti zenye hisia kali kama ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya maadui hao kwa mfano:
Ngoswe – Penzi Kitovu cha Uzembe, Hawala ya Fedha na Kilio Chetu ni miongoni
mwa fasihi zinazopaza sauti ili jamii isikie na kuchukua hatua stahiki katika
mapambano hayo.
Dhuluma na uonevu, nayo
ni masuala yanayopigiwa kelele kwa lengo la kuleta jamii yenye usawa katika
Nyanja zote na isiyo na migogoro mfano: Vuta N’kuvute, Pesa zako Zinanuka,
Tende Hogo na Kwenye Ukingo wa Thim pamoja na diwani ya Wasakatonge. Watunzi wa
kazi hizo pamoja na mambo mengine wanakemea kwa nguvu zote dhuluma na uonevu
unaofanywa kwa jamii hasa ya watu wanyonge kwa sababu matokeo yake mara nyingi
huwa ni migogro ya kijamii na mivutano isiyokwisha.
Masuala ya mapenzi na
athari zake katika jamii yameshughulikiwa na watunzi wa kazi za fasihi kwa
kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu yanabeba hisia zisizojali umri wala uwezo wa mtu
kielimu na kiuchumi. Kwa mfano; katika riwaya ya Mfadhili pamoja na riwaya ya
Hiba ya Wivu tunaona nguvu ya mapenzi na matokeo yake katika jamii ili kuipa
hadhari jamii kwenda kwa makini au kujiepusha kabisa na masuala ya mapenzi ili
kukwepa madhara yake.
Kwa maelezo hayo ni
dhahiri isiyopingika kuwa chanzo cha fasihi ni msukumo wa hisia alizonazo
mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi iwe ni hisia zake binafsi au hisia za jamii yake na
wala sio kama wanavyodai baadhi ya watu.
SWALI: 3 Andika kumhusu
mwalimu maarufu wa uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi nchini Tanzania.
JIBU
Uhakiki wa kazi za
fasihi ni taaluma ambayo nchini Tanzania muasisi wake ni mwalimu wa walimu,
gwiji wa uhakiki almaarufu T.S.Y Sengo. Umaarufu wa mwalimu huyu upo katika
kufundisha wahakiki wengi lakini pia katika kuweka misingi ya nadhariya za
kuhakikia kazi za fasihi.
Uhakiki uliofanywa
katika HISI ZETU unatoa mwanga katika kazi ya uhakiki licha ya baadhi ya
wanafunzi wake kutaka kuleta hadithi za sikio kupita kichwa kwa kumkosoa
mwalimu mkongwe kuwa amekosea kuzungumzia hisi badala ya hisiya ingawa
hawakufua dafu.
Umaarufu wa mwalimu wa
uhakiki unajidhihirisha pia katika kitabu chake cha SENGO NA FASIHI ZA KINCHI
ambamo anatoa nadhariya za kumuongoza mhakiki yeyote wa kazi ya fasihi ili
kuifanya kazi ya uhakiki kuwa taaluma yenye misingi thabiti halikadhalika
anaonesha maana halisi ya uhakiki kwa kuchambua diwani ya Wasakatonge
iliyoandikwa na M.S. Khatib kwa kukosoa pale alipokosea katika utunzi na
kukiuka nadharia za utunzi kama vile hadhira ya uhalisia pamoja na ile ya
Kiislamu.
Mwalimu Sengo pia ni
maarufu katika utunzi na umaarufu huo unajidhihirisha katika diwani yake ya
TUNGIZI ZA MNYAGATWA ambapo amesheheni mashairi yenye kufikirisha, lugha nzito
yenye kuthibitisha hasa uwezo mkubwa alionao katika kuimudu lugha.
Kwa ujumla mwalimu
Sengo ni mtaalamu mbobezi wa taaluma ya uhakiki wa kazi ya fasihi ambaye
mchango wake haupaswi kupuuzwa wala kuchukuliwa kirahisi na mtu yeyote.
SWALI: 4 Jadili tofauti
ya fasihi ya Kiswahili (ya Wapwani) na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili (ya jamii
zote nje ya mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki)
JIBU
Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya
wapwanini ile iliyoandaliwa na mswahili kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili kuwahusu
waswahili, na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni ile iliyoandaliwa na mtu yeyote
asiye mswahili bali ametumia lugha ya Kiswahili au iliyoandaliwa kwa lugha
nyingine kasha ikatafsiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya
waswahili inatofautiana sana na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia
vipengele vifuatavyo:
Moja, maandalizi:
fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili huandaliwa na mswahili kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Fasihi hii hujikita zaidi katika kuelezea mambo yanayowahusu waswahili lakini
fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huandaliwa na mtu asiye mswahili na aghalabu
huihusu jamii yake au jamii ingine tu kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili.
Pili, matumizi ya
lugha: fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili hutumia lugha sanifu na fasaha yenye
kuficha mambo kwa sababu mtunzi huwa anakijua Kiswahili na jinsi ya kukitumia
lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huwa na lugha ya kawaida na mambo huelezwa
wazi hata yale yasiyopaswa kuanikwa hadharani kutokana na uwezo mdogo wa mtunzi
katika kuimudu lugha.
Tatu, mandhari: fasihi
ya Kiswahili hutumia mandhari ya pwani kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu ndiko
anakotokea mtunzi lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili hutumia mandhari
mchanganyiko kulingana na upeo wa mtunzi kimazingira.
Nne, wahusika: wahusika
wa fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili hutambulika wazi kwa majina, mavazi na
matendo yao ambayo hufungamana na imani yao. Kwa mfano kanzu, baibui lakini
fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huweza kuchanganya majina ya wahusika na hasa
yasiyojipambanua wazi kiimani kwa mfano Dongo, Jalia, Mzee Toboa au Lomolomo.
Tano, shughuliza
kiuchumi: fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili itazungumzia shughuli za kiuchumi za
pwani kama vile uvuvi wa baharini, kilimo cha mazao yanayostawi pwani kama
nazi, mwani, karafuu lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ambayo mtunzi wake ni
mwenyeji wa maeneo ya bara atazungumzia shughuli za uzalishaji mali hasa kilimo
cha kahawa, ndizi, pamba au mahindi.
Pamoja na tofauti hizo
fasihi ya Kiswahili na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili zina mchango mkubwa kwa
jamii katika kukuza na kuendeleza mila na desturi za jamii kwa ujumla.
Mwl Maeda
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