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OSW 123: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (JAN, 2017) MAJIBU

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OSW 123: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (JAN, 2017) MAJIBU
#1
OSW 123: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (JAN, 2017) MAJIBU
  1.  Sengo anasema kuwa fasihi andishi isiposimuliwa kwa majadiliano mazito          ya  kiuhakiki huwa kama haipo. Wewe unasemaje? Toa mifano hai ya kazi za          fasihi.
MAJIBU
Naungana na kauli ya Profesa Sengo isemayo kuwa fasihi andishi isiposimuliwa kwa majadiliano mazito ya kiuhakiki huwa kama haipo. Hii ni kwa sababu uhakiki una nafasi kubwa katika kuzibaini, kuzichambua na kuzifafanua kazi za fasihi andishi.
Tukiangazia uhakiki wa HISI ZETU (1973) Sengo na Kiango waliweza kuzisimulia kwa mapana kazi za fasihi andishi kwa namna ambayo watu wanaweza hata sasa kuzielewa kazi hizo kwa hali ya juu zaidi. Mifano ya kazi za fasihi zilizojadiliwa katika kitabu cha HISI ZETU ni kama vile Nataka Iwe Siri, Siku ya Watenzi Wote, Mapenzi Bora, Wakati Ukuta, Mashetani, Kinjeketile, n.k.
Kimsingi uhakiki hukusudia kuchambua nadharia na matapo mbalimbali yaliyotumika katika kuandika kazi fulani ya fasihi. Kwa mfano Tamthiliya ya Amezidi iliyoandikwa na Mohamed Said Mohamed inaweza kuhakikiwa kwa kutumia nadharia ya Ubwege. Ubwege ni nadharia ambayo ni sehemu ya udhanaishi iliyoasisiwa mwanzoni mwa karne ya ishirini. Ubwege husisitiza kuwa maisha hayana maana hasa kwa sababu vyombo kama vile dini, sayansi na serikali vimeshindwa kutatua matatizo ya jamii. Katika kazi za kibwege kama vile Amezidi mara nyingi wahusika wake huonekana kama vile hawajitambui, hawajui waliko wala wanakoenda huwa wapo wapo tu, kwa mfano katika Amezidi wahusika Ame na Zidi wanaonekana wakitenda mambo ambayo hawayaelewi na hawajielewi wao wenyewe.
Licha ya hayo, dhamira kuu ya mwandishi aliyoikusudia ni kutaka nchi za kiafrika zijikomboe kiuchumi na kisiasa na ziweze kujitegemea.
  1.  Watu wengi huchelewa kujiendeleza kwa kuogopa “kuthubutu” Shaaban              Robert alikusudia nini katika shairi lake hilo dogo?
           MAJIBU
Shaaban Robert ni mmoja wa nguli wa fasihi ya Kiswahili hasa ushairi na riwaya. Shaaban Robert ameandika mashairi mengi, tenzi na riwaya nyingi ambazo ni tunu sit u kwa jamii ya Afrika Mashariki bali kwa dunia nzima.
Shaaban Robert ambaye alikuwa mwandishi nguli wakati wa ukoloni alitumia fasihi katika mapambano ya kupigania uhuru.
Katika moja ya mashairi aliyoyatumia kupambana na ukoloni ni shairi la “Thubutu” akiungana mkono na Saadan Kandoro aliyetunga shairi la “Siafu” akiwa anahamasisha umma kupambana na ukoloni.
Lengo kuu la shairi la “Thubutu” lilikuwa kuwatia hamasa wananchi katika kupigania uhuru bila kuogopa wakoloni.
Shaaban Robert aliamini kuwa woga na hofu ni sumu ya maendeleo na ukombozi wa kweli hivyo ili jamii ijikomboe kweli haina budi kuwa na uthubutu.
  1.  Fasihi ya Kiswahili ni sawa na “Fasihi ya Kigogo” Lakini Fasihi kwa                       Kiswahili ni Literature in English ya akina Soyinka. Jadili.
        MAJIBU
Ni kweli fasihi kwa Kiswahili ni sawa na Literature in English ya akina Soyinka na wengineo. Dhana ya Literature in English hasa kwa Afrika inarejelea kazi za fasihi zilizotumia lugha ya Kiingereza katika kuandaliwa ingawa yanayozungumzwa yanazihusu jamii za kiafrika. Mfano wa fasihi kwa Kiingereza “Literature in English” ni kama vile Mine Boy, An Arrow of God, The River Between, Things Fall Apart, Song of Lawino,kutaja kwa uchache.
Kwa kutumia dhana ya Literature in English tunaweza kujadili kwa kina dhana ya Fasihi kwa Kiswahili kama ifuatavyo:
Fasihi kwa Kiswahili ni dhana inayorejelea kazi yoyote ya fasihi iliyobuniwa na kutungwa na mtu asiye mswahili ila tu ametumia lugha ya Kiswahili au fasihi iliyotungwa na kuandikwa kwa lugha nyingine kasha ikafasiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Fasihi kwa Kiswahili yaweza kuzungumzia utamaduni na mila za watu wa jamii mbalimbali kama wafaransa, wachina au wajerumani kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili. Mifano ya Fasihi kwa Kiswahili ni kama vile: Rosa Mistika, Kichwa Maji, Gamba la Nyoka, Takadini, Barua Ndefu kama Hii, Orodha, Janga Sugu la Wazawa, Mfalme Edipode, n.k
Kwa upande wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili, hii ni ile iliyobuniwa na kuandikwa na Mswahili aghalabu kuwahusu Waswahili kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili. Mifano ya Fasihi ya Kiswahili ni: Vuta N’kuvute, Joka la Mdimu, Sadiki Ukipenda, Wasifu wa Siti binti Saad, Siku ya Watenzi Wote, Kusadikika, Kufikirika, n.k.
Fasihi ya Kiswahili yaweza kuwazungumzia Waswahili au jamii nyingine ambazo mtunzi anazifahamu mila na desturi za jamii hizo.
Fasihi ya Kiswahili hujipambanua wazi dhidi ya Fasihi nyingine katika lugha, mandhari, wahusika, shughuli za kijamii za Waswahili kama vile uvuvi, mahusiano ya kijamii kama ngoma.
Kiujumla Fasihi ya jamii yoyote hutambulishwa kwa yale yaelezwayo na mtunzi wa kazi husika ndani ya kazi ya Fasihi. Lugha aitumiayo mtunzi ni nyenzo tu ya uwasilishaji wa kazi yenyewe.
  1.  Fasihi ni somo la kipuuzi. Jadili ukitoa mifano ya kazi hai za Fasihi.
           MAJIBU
Napinga kauli hii kuwa Fasihi ni somo la kipuuzi kwa sababu Fasihi ina nafasi kubwa katika Nyanja zote za maisha ya mwanadamu. Faida za Fasihi kwa jamii ni kama ifuatavyo:
Fasihi humfafanua binadamu jinsi anavyohusiana na mazingira yake. Fasihi haina maana moja bali huundwa na vipengele kama sanaa ya lugha, jamii, mazingira, ujumi, jadi na utamaduni.
Kiujumla Fasihi (andishi au simulizi) huwa na dhima mbalimbali kwa jamii husika. Dhima hizo huweza kugawanywa katika Nyanja kadhaa kama vile kiuchumi, kijamii na kiutamaduni au kiamali.
Kisiasa, historia ya bara la Afrika inaonesha mchango mkubwa wa Fasihi katika kupigania ukombozi wa kisiasa katika bara zima. Fasihi ilionesha wazi athari za ukoloni kisiasa katika bara zima na nafasi ya siasa katika kuleta maendeleo ya bara zima. Mfano shairi la “Siafu” la Saadan Kandoro lilihamasisha wananchi kuungana na kupigania uhuru. Aidha baada ya uhuru Fasihi iliendelea kuhamasisha wananchi kuwa wamoja hasa katika kuunga mkono sera ya Ujamaa ili kuleta maendeleo ya pamoja. Mfano tamthiliya ya Bwana Mkubwa
Kiuchumi, Fasihi huchapuza kazi na kutia ari watu kujihusisha na masuala ya kiuchumi. Kwa mfano methali kama vile “Mchagua jembe si mkulima” inakusudia kuwatia watu ari katika kufanya kazi za kiuchumi.
Pamoja na hayo Fasihi huwa na jukumu la kuwakemea wahujumu uchumi, wavivu na wale wote wenye nia ovu ya kuharibu uchumi wa jamii kwa mfano riwaya ya Makuwadi wa Soko Huria inasimulia harakati za wanahabari wakiongozwa na Janga Mjuba na Sifuni kuwaonesha vitimbakwiri au watu waliopewa dhamana ya uongozi wakishirikiana na wageni vibwanyenye kuiba rasilimali za nchi na kuwanyima wenyeji fursa za kiuchumi kama ilivyotokea kwenye mradi wa dagaa kamba huko Rufiji.
Kijamii, Fasihi hukuchochea mshikamano wa kijamii na kuelezea athari za utabaka katika jamii. Ni wazi kuwa waandishi wa kazi za Fasihi hutokea katika matabaka mbalimbali ya kijamii iwe ni tabaka la juu, la chini au wenye navyo na wasiokuwa navyo. Hivyo, mwandishi hutunga kazi ya Fasihi ambayo hubainisha wazi ukinzani wa kitabaka katika jamii. Kwa mfano tamthiliya ya Kilio Cha Haki  ya Mazrui (1981) inaelezea harakati za wafanyakazi katika kupigania stahiki zao. Hali kadhalika tamthiliya ya Kinjeketile inaelezea harakati zilizoongozwa na Kinjeketile kupigania uhuru dhidi ya  Wadachi.
Kiutamaduni, Fasihi imekuwa mhimili mkubwa katika kurithisha amali za jamii kutoka kizazi hata kizazi. Pia Fasihi hupinga mila na desturi ambazo huwanyima haki baadhi ya makundi katika jamii. Kwa mfano riwaya ya Barua Ndefu kama Hii mwandishi Mariam Ba, anaonesha jinsi mila zinavyokataza masuala ya mirathi kwa wanawake au wajane na kuwanyima haki zao.
Mbali na hayo, Fasihi huwasihi vijana kwenda katika mkondo mwema wa maisha ama kuelekeza malezi bora kwa vijana, kwa mfano methali kama “Samaki mkunje angali mbichi”, “Asiyesikia la mkuu huvunjika guu” huonya vijana juu ya madhara ya kwenda kinyume na maadili hasa kuwa na nidhamu au adabu.
Kwa ujumla Fasihi ingali na umuhimu mkubwa sana kwa jamii katika kuipa jamii muelekeo na misingi ya kimaendeleo katika Nyanja zote. Kudharau kazi ya Fasihi ni sawa kujidharau wenyewe kama jamii.
  1.  Sanaa tendezi au sanaa shirikishi ni dhana ngeni kwa wanafunzi wengi                    wa  Fasihi. Zifafanue kwa kuzitolea sifa zake.
MAJIBU
Kimsingi dhana hii ya sanaa tendezi au sanaa shirikishi ni ngeni kwa wanafunzi wa sekondari au hata wa elimu ya juu. Sanaa tendezi ni Fasihi simulizi iliyoegemea katika utendaji. Kulingana na utamaduni wa muafrika huwa hakuna sanaa za maonesho bali kuna sanaa tendezi. Sanaa tendezi hujumuisha michezo ya watoto, ngoma, tambo za waganga, matambiko, utani, majigambo na miviga.
Sifa kuu ya sanaa tendezi ni ushiriki wa wahusika. Katika sanaa tendezi hadhira huwa haitaki kutazama tu bali kushirikiana na fanani kwa namna mbalimbali kwa mfano, katika ngoma hadhira hujumuika katika kucheza au kuimba na si kutazama tu.
Vionjo vingi katika utani huendeleza utani wao mahali maalumu kama vile msibani, kwenye harusi au kwenye sherehe mbalimbali kama vile jando na unyago.
Aidha sifa nyingine ya sanaa tendezi ni mahali au mandhari maalumu pa utendaji. Sanaa tendezi haifanyiki mahali popote bali huwa na sehemu maalumu. Kwa mfano kulingana na mila za kiafrika matambiko hufanyikia kwenye mapango, miti mikubwa, kwenye makaburi ya mababu, milimani na misituni.Kwa mfano kwa Wakwere hufanyia chini ya mti maalumu uitwao mtalawanda.
Sanaa tendezi huwa na sifa ya uhalisia zaidi kwa sababu kinachotendwa huwa ni halisi na sio kuigiza uhalisia, uigaji hutumiwa zaidi pale jamii inapoogopa kuona matendo katika uhalisia wake.
Kwa maelezo hayo ni wazi kuwa sanaa tendezi ndiyo sanaa asilia kwa jamii za kiafrika ingawa wanafunzi wengi hawaijui ipasavyo aina hii ya sanaa.
Mwl Maeda
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