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OSW 123/133: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (MAJIBU)

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OSW 123/133: FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIA NA UHAKIKI (MAJIBU)
#1
SWALI:1 Fasihi ya jamii yako ndogo ina nafasi gani katika kuimarisha na kuendeleza fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili?
JIBU
Fasihi ya kitanzania  kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni matokeo ya mchango wa fasihi za jamii ndogondogo zilizokusanywa pamoja kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili kama kielelezo cha utamaduni wa jamii ya watanzania kwa ujumla.
Mchango wa fasihi ya jamii ndogo unajidhihirisha katika fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kama ifuatavyo:
Ngoma, ngoma ni moja ya vipengele vya fasihi kwa Kiswahili ambavyo hutoka katika fasihi ya jamii ndogondogo kwa mfano ngoma ya jamii ya wamakonde (sindimba), ngoma ya Wazaramo (mdundiko), zimechangia kuwepo kwa utanzu wa ngoma katika fasihi ya kitanzania iliyoandaliwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Matambiko, ni fasihi ya jamii ndogo ndogo na kila jamii huwa na kaida zake na mahali maalumu pa kutendea. Kipengele hiki kinapochambuliwa na kujadiliwa katika fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili hakiondolewi asili yake wala hakifanywi kuwa kipengele cha jumla kwa jamii zote.
Hadithi, masimulizi ya kihadithi katika fasihi kwa Kiswahili hutoka kwenye masimulizi ya jamii ndogo ndogo zilizopitia matukio mbalimbali yaliyoacha kumbukumbu zenye masimulizi hayo kwa mfano jamii ya Wahehe inatoa masimulizi ya Mkwawa, jamii ya Wasukuma inatupa masimulizi ya mtu ajulikanaye kama Ng’wanamalundi lakini pia jamii ya Wangozi inatupa masimulizi ya Fumo Liyongo. Kwa hiyo masimulizi ya kihadithi katika fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni mchango toka fasihi za jamii ndogo.
Elimu ya jadi, itolewayo kwa vijana wa kike kama unyago na wa kiume kupitia jando ni mchango wa fasihi za jamii zenye kutenda mambo hayo, hivyo fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili inaposhughulikiwa katika kuchambua masuala ya jando na unyago ni kwa sababu masuala hayo yapo ndani ya jamii zinazounganishwa kupitia fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili
Umoja na mshikamano, katika jamii huimarika na matabaka huondoka pale jamii inaposhirikiana katika matukio ya furaha au huzuni kwa mfano katika sherehe mbalimbali zenye kukusanya watu wa jamii tofauti si ajabu kuchezwa ngoma yenye asili ya jamii mojawapo kati ya jamii zilizokusanyika, mathalani ngoma ya jamii ya Kichaga huweza kuchezwa hata na watu wasio Wachaga na kufanya ngoma hiyo kuwa ya wote.
Mwingiliano wa kijamii, kwamba fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili inasababisha mila na desturi za jamii ndogondogo kuonekana kama kitu kimoja na kuchochea mwingiliano wa jamii hizo hata kufikia hatua ya kuoana watu wa jamii tofauti kwa kuzingatia utaratibu wa mila na desturi zilizorekebishwa hata kupunguza athari zilizokuwepo mwanzo.
Maendeleo na kuimarika kwa fasihi ya kitanzania kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni matokeo ya mchango mkubwa toka fasihi za jamii ndogondogo zilizojitoa katika upekee na kuleta ujumla wa kifasihi.
SWALI: 2 “Sauti ya kilio cha kichanga ni ishara hisia, siyo zake tu bali za mama, yaya na jamii nzima.” Je, dhana ya chanzo au isimu ya fasihi kutokana na kazi imekuja kujaje?
JIBU
Sauti ya kilio cha kichanga ni mfano halisi wasauti anayoitoa msanii na mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi. Sauti hiyo ya msanii wa kazi ya fasihi huwa imebeba hisia zilizosheheni moyo wa mtunzi iwe zinamgusa yeye moja kwa moja au zinaigusa jamii yake. Kwa hiyo mtunzi yeyote wa fasihi huwa kama kipaza sauti cha jamii na kupitia yeye matatizo mbalimbali ya jamii yake huweza kusikika na kuvuma mbali na hatimaye kupatiwa ufumbuzi. Miongoni mwa masuala yanayopigiwa kelele na wasanii ni pamoja na:
Uzalendo, suala hili limekuwa likijadiliwa kwa muda mrefu na wasanii mbalimbali kwa lengo la kuhamasisha wanajamii kupenda nchi zao na hata kuwa tayari kutoa uhai mfano: Zawadi ya Ushindi, Kusadikika na Mtu ni Utu ni miongoni mwa kazi za fasihi ambazo watunzi wake wamekuwa wakipiga kelele kuhusu suala la uzalendo.
Maradhi, ujingana umaskini- haya nayo ni masuala yanayochochea watunzi wa kazi za fasihi kupaza sauti zenye hisia kali kama ishara ya mapambano dhidi ya maadui hao kwa mfano: Ngoswe – Penzi Kitovu cha Uzembe, Hawala ya Fedha na Kilio Chetu ni miongoni mwa fasihi zinazopaza sauti ili jamii isikie na kuchukua hatua stahiki katika mapambano hayo.
Dhuluma na uonevu, nayo ni masuala yanayopigiwa kelele kwa lengo la kuleta jamii yenye usawa katika Nyanja zote na isiyo na migogoro mfano: Vuta N’kuvute, Pesa zako Zinanuka, Tende Hogo na Kwenye Ukingo wa Thim pamoja na diwani ya Wasakatonge. Watunzi wa kazi hizo pamoja na mambo mengine wanakemea kwa nguvu zote dhuluma na uonevu unaofanywa kwa jamii hasa ya watu wanyonge kwa sababu matokeo yake mara nyingi huwa ni migogro ya kijamii na mivutano isiyokwisha.
Masuala ya mapenzi na athari zake katika jamii yameshughulikiwa na watunzi wa kazi za fasihi kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu yanabeba hisia zisizojali umri wala uwezo wa mtu kielimu na kiuchumi. Kwa mfano; katika riwaya ya Mfadhili pamoja na riwaya ya Hiba ya Wivu tunaona nguvu ya mapenzi na matokeo yake katika jamii ili kuipa hadhari jamii kwenda kwa makini au kujiepusha kabisa na masuala ya mapenzi ili kukwepa madhara yake.
Kwa maelezo hayo ni dhahiri isiyopingika kuwa chanzo cha fasihi ni msukumo wa hisia alizonazo mtunzi wa kazi ya fasihi iwe ni hisia zake binafsi au hisia za jamii yake na wala sio kama wanavyodai baadhi ya watu.
SWALI: 3 Andika kumhusu mwalimu maarufu wa uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi nchini Tanzania.
JIBU
Uhakiki wa kazi za fasihi ni taaluma ambayo nchini Tanzania muasisi wake ni mwalimu wa walimu, gwiji wa uhakiki almaarufu T.S.Y Sengo. Umaarufu wa mwalimu huyu upo katika kufundisha wahakiki wengi lakini pia katika kuweka misingi ya nadhariya za kuhakikia kazi za fasihi.
Uhakiki uliofanywa katika HISI ZETU unatoa mwanga katika kazi ya uhakiki licha ya baadhi ya wanafunzi wake kutaka kuleta hadithi za sikio kupita kichwa kwa kumkosoa mwalimu mkongwe kuwa amekosea kuzungumzia hisi badala ya hisiya ingawa hawakufua dafu.
Umaarufu wa mwalimu wa uhakiki unajidhihirisha pia katika kitabu chake cha SENGO NA FASIHI ZA KINCHI ambamo anatoa nadhariya za kumuongoza mhakiki yeyote wa kazi ya fasihi ili kuifanya kazi ya uhakiki kuwa taaluma yenye misingi thabiti halikadhalika anaonesha maana halisi ya uhakiki kwa kuchambua diwani ya Wasakatonge iliyoandikwa na M.S. Khatib kwa kukosoa pale alipokosea katika utunzi na kukiuka nadharia za utunzi kama vile hadhira ya uhalisia pamoja na ile ya Kiislamu.
Mwalimu Sengo pia ni maarufu katika utunzi na umaarufu huo unajidhihirisha katika diwani yake ya TUNGIZI ZA MNYAGATWA ambapo amesheheni mashairi yenye kufikirisha, lugha nzito yenye kuthibitisha hasa uwezo mkubwa alionao katika kuimudu lugha.
Kwa ujumla mwalimu Sengo ni mtaalamu mbobezi wa taaluma ya uhakiki wa kazi ya fasihi ambaye mchango wake haupaswi kupuuzwa wala kuchukuliwa kirahisi na mtu yeyote.
SWALI: 4 Jadili tofauti ya fasihi ya Kiswahili (ya Wapwani) na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili (ya jamii zote nje ya mwambao wa Afrika Mashariki)
JIBU
Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya wapwanini ile iliyoandaliwa na mswahili kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili kuwahusu waswahili, na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ni ile iliyoandaliwa na mtu yeyote asiye mswahili bali ametumia lugha ya Kiswahili au iliyoandaliwa kwa lugha nyingine kasha ikatafsiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.
Fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili inatofautiana sana na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili kwa kuzingatia vipengele vifuatavyo:
Moja, maandalizi: fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili huandaliwa na mswahili kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Fasihi hii hujikita zaidi katika kuelezea mambo yanayowahusu waswahili lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huandaliwa na mtu asiye mswahili na aghalabu huihusu jamii yake au jamii ingine tu kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili.
Pili, matumizi ya lugha: fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili hutumia lugha sanifu na fasaha yenye kuficha mambo kwa sababu mtunzi huwa anakijua Kiswahili na jinsi ya kukitumia lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huwa na lugha ya kawaida na mambo huelezwa wazi hata yale yasiyopaswa kuanikwa hadharani kutokana na uwezo mdogo wa mtunzi katika kuimudu lugha.
Tatu, mandhari: fasihi ya Kiswahili hutumia mandhari ya pwani kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa sababu ndiko anakotokea mtunzi lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili hutumia mandhari mchanganyiko kulingana na upeo wa mtunzi kimazingira.
Nne, wahusika: wahusika wa fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili hutambulika wazi kwa majina, mavazi na matendo yao ambayo hufungamana na imani yao. Kwa mfano kanzu, baibui lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili huweza kuchanganya majina ya wahusika na hasa yasiyojipambanua wazi kiimani kwa mfano Dongo, Jalia, Mzee Toboa au Lomolomo.
Tano, shughuliza kiuchumi: fasihi ya Kiswahili ya waswahili itazungumzia shughuli za kiuchumi za pwani kama vile uvuvi wa baharini, kilimo cha mazao yanayostawi pwani kama nazi, mwani, karafuu lakini fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ambayo mtunzi wake ni mwenyeji wa maeneo ya bara atazungumzia shughuli za uzalishaji mali hasa kilimo cha kahawa, ndizi, pamba au mahindi.
Pamoja na tofauti hizo fasihi ya Kiswahili na fasihi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili zina mchango mkubwa kwa jamii katika kukuza na kuendeleza mila na desturi za jamii kwa ujumla.
Mwl Maeda
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