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NADHARIA ZA CHIMBUKO LA FASIHI NA SANAA

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NADHARIA ZA CHIMBUKO LA FASIHI NA SANAA
#1
Kuna mitizamo mikuu minne ya kiulimwengu inayojitokeza katika suala la chimbuko la fasihi. Mitazamo hiyo ni kama ifuatayo;
Mtazamo wa kidhanifu
Mtazamo wa kidhanifu wa misingi yake katika kudhani tu kwa hiyo kufuatana na mtazamo huu inaaminika kuwa fasihi na Sanaa kwa ujumla kutoka kwa Mungu kwa hiyo mwanasanaa huipokea ikiwa imekwishapikwa na kuivishwa na Mungu huyo.
Mtazamo wa namna hii ulijitokeza tangu zamani sana wakati wanafalsafa wa mwanzo wa kigiriki na kinenzi kama vile Socrafes Plato na Anstotle,walipoanza kuingia katika ulimwengu wa nadharia ya Sanaa. katika uwanja wa nadharia ya fasihi/Sanaa ya Kiswahili kuna mifano mingi ya wahakiki wa mwanzo waliokuwa na mitazamo sawa naya wanafalsafa hao mfano F.Nkwera (1970),  insha yake ya fasihi inadhihirisha uaminifu wake wa mawazo ya kidhanifu kwa kudai “fasihi ni Sanaa ambayo huanzia kwa muumba humfikia mtu katika vipengele mbalimbali -ni hekima ambayo mtu ameshirikishwa apate kumtambua muumba  wake”.
Nkwera ameungwa mkono na wahakiki wengine ambao wanasisitiza mtazamo huu kwa kusema
“Mtengenezo ya Sanaa huonekana kuwa ni shughuli ya kiungu yenyekumwiga Mungu ambaye ndiye msanii wa kwanza”
 
John Ramadhani pia katika makala yake ya fasihi ya Kiswahili anasisitiza kuwa.
 
“Zaidi ya kwamba fasihi ni hisia vile vile kitendo cha mtu  kubaini kazi ya Sanaa ni uigaji wa Mungu ambaye ndiye mfalme wa Sanaa zote”.
Mawazo haya ya akina Nkwera,John Ramadhani na wengine yamejaa   mwangwi tu wa mawazo yaliyochakaa ambayo yalikwisha kutajwa na kushughulikiwa  na wahakiki wa zamani tuliowataja kwa msimamo huu wa kidhanifu,Sanaa au fasihi havijifinyangwi kwa jitihada za akili za mikono ya mtu   bali hupokelewa kutoka katika mikono mbayo mtu hana uwezo wa kuiona.
Udhaifu, mtazamo  huu  umepotosha maana halisi kwa kuchanganya Imani na taaluma,pia unajaribu kumtenganisha msanii na jamii yake kwani unatoa nadharia inayomwinua msanii na kufanya aonekane kuwa  mtu wa ajabu aliyekaribu na Mungu kuliko watu wengine wa kawaida.
Mtazamo wa kiyakinifu
Kulingana na mtazamo huu Chanzo cha fasihi  ni sawa na chanzo cha binadamu wenyewe yaani Binadamu na mazingira yake ndio Alfa na Omega ya fasihi.Iwe kwa kuumbwa au mabadiliko kuanzia chembe hai ambayo imepitia maendeleo kadha ya makuzi hata kufikia mtu binadamu alioanishwa na kazi ili kuyabadili mazingira yake.Katika harakati zake za kujiendeleza kiuchumi kila mara alijaribu hiki na kile alichokiona kinafaa alikiendeleza Zaidi na kukidumisha katika hali hii hadithi(ngano), methali, vitendawili, nyimbo, tenzi(mashairi) n.k vyote hivyo vilitungwa na kusimuliwa kwa madhumuni  ya kufunza, kukosoa, kuadhibu, kuchokoza fikra na kuliwaza jamii baada ya kazi.
Sanaa hii ilirithishwa toka kizazi hadi kizazi kwa njia ya masimulizi na binadamu alivyozidi kujiendeleza kisayansi na kiteknolojia akahifadhi taaluma hii katika maandishi.Ndiyo sababu tunasema chanzo cha fasihi ni sawa na chanzo cha binadamu mwenyewe na jinsi binadamu alivyozidi na atakavyozidi ndiyo taaluma hii ilivyokuwa na kuendelea.
Fasihi inatokana na sihiri
Istilahi Sihiri’ ina maana ya Uwezo au nguvu ya kimiujiza inayotumiwa na watu kusababisha matokeo fulani.Watalaam  hawa wanadai kuwa  chimbuko la fasihi ni haja ya mwanadamu kukabiliana na  kujaribu kuyadhibiti mazingira yake. Haja hiyo haikutimilika ipasavyo katika hatua zake za mwanzo  za maendeleo ya mwanadamu kwani uwezo wa kisayansi na kiteknolojia wa mwanadamu wa wakati huo bado ulikuwa kiwango cha chini sana.Hivyo Imani au miujiza ilichukua nafasi ya sayansi na ugunduzi.Fasihi ilichimbuka kama chombo cha sihiri  hivyo katika kujaribu kuyashinda mazingira,Mfano Wawindaji walichora picha ya mnyama waliyetaka kumuwinda kabla ya kwenda kuwinda,kisha walichoma mkuki au mshale kwa kuamini kuwa kitendo hicho kitatokea kuwa kweli watakapo kwenda kuwinda. Nyimbo walizoimba wakati wa kufanya sihiri hiyo ndiyo fasihi ya mwanzo.
Udhaifu wa nadharia hii ni kwamba inachangnya dhima na chimbuko kwani kutumika kwa nyimbo au ushairi katika sihiri hakuthibitishi kuwa sihiri ndiyo chimbuko lake.Sihiri ni amali moja tu kati ya amali nyingi za wanadamu wa mwanzo zilizotumia ushairi.
Nadharia ya Mwigo
Wataalam wa nadharia wanadai kuwa Fasihi imetokana na mwigo(Uigaji),Katika nadharia hii inaeleza kuwa mwanadamu alianza kuwa mbunifu kwa kuiga maumbile yaliyomzunguka.Hivyo sanaa za mwanzo mara nyingi zilijaribu kusawiri vitu vilivyomo katika mazingira ,mfano wanyama,ndege,miti,watu.
Nadharia hii ni kale,ilianzisha na wataalamu wa kiyunani  na walioieneza zaidi ni Plato (Republic) na Aristotle (Poetics)  Plato anahusisha mwigo na dhana ya uungu.Anaeleza kuwa Maumbile na vilivyomo ni mwigo tu wa sanaa ya kiungu.Sanaa ya Mwanadamu (Hususani ushairi) ambayo huiga tu mambo hayo yaliyomo  katika maumbile haiwezi kuwa na ukweli  au uhalisi wa kuwa inaiga maumbile ambayo na yenyewe  yanaiga kazi ya Mungu.Hivyo alishauri aina fulani za ushairi zipigwe marufuku kwa sababu zinapotosha ukweli.
Udhaifu wa nadharia hii  ni kwamba inasisitiza mno uigaji na kusahau suala la ubunifu katika sanaa na fasihi.Kama wasanii wangeig maisha na mazingira tu,sanaa yao ingepwaya sana na haingekuwa tofauti na picha ya fotografia au maelezo ya matendo ya mazingira na matendo ya kila siku ya mwanadamu.
Mwl Maeda
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NADHARIA ZA CHIMBUKO LA FASIHI NA SANAA - by MwlMaeda - 06-30-2021, 07:10 PM

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