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ATHARI ZA KIMAGHARIBI KATIKA SANAA ZA MAONESHO ZA KIAFRIKA NA FASIHI KWA UJUMLA

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ATHARI ZA KIMAGHARIBI KATIKA SANAA ZA MAONESHO ZA KIAFRIKA NA FASIHI KWA UJUMLA
#1
Dhana ya fasihi simulizi imekuwa ikijadiliwa kwa miongo mingi na wataalamu mbalimbali kama ifuatavyo:- Mulokozi, anafafanua kwamba, Fasihi simulizi ni fasihi inayotungwa au kubuniwa kichwani na kuwasilishwa kwa hadhira kwa njia ya mdomo na vitendo bila kutumia maandishi. Hapa anamaanisha fasihi simulizi ni tukio ambalo hufungamana na muktadha fulani ya kijamii wenye kutawaliwa na fanani hadhira, fani inayotendwa, tukio, mahali na wakati.
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Wamitila, (2003) anasema kuwa, fasihi simulizi ni sanaa ya lugha inayotungwa na kubuniwa kwa mdomo bila kutumia maandishi. Aidha fasihi simulizi ni tukio linalofungamana na muktadha fulani wa kijamii na mwingiliano wa fanani, hadhira, fani inayotendwa, tukio, mahali na wakati.
OKpewho, I (1992) anasema, kuwa fasihi simulizi humaanisha fasihi itolewayo kwa neno la mdomo. Hapa anaungana na Balisidya kuwa pasipo mdomo, fasihi simulizi haikamatiki.
Baada ya kufafanua dhana ya fasihi simulizi kulingana na wataalamu mbalimbali, sasa tuijadili dhana ya sanaa za maonyesho.
Penina Muhando na Ndyanao Balisidya (1976) wanajadili kwa kina sana dhana ya sanaa za maonyesho. Mjadala wao umejikita sana katika swala lisemalo kuwa “sanaa za maonyesho ni nini?
Kutokana na swali hilo wanasema kuwa, utapata majibu mbalimbali lakini mara nyingi majibu yatakuwa kama haya yafuatayo:
–  Sanaa za maonyesho ni michezo ya kuigiza
– Sanaa za maoanyesho ni michezo ionyeshwayo kwenye jukwaa lenye pazia na mataa mengi ya rangi.
-Sanaa za  maonyesho ni michezo ya Shakespeare kama vile Mabepari wa Venisi.
–  Sanaa za maonyesho ni vichekesho
– Sanaa za maonyesho ni maigizo yanayochekesha au kufurahisha na mengineyo yanayofanana na hayo.
Kwa kufuata majibu haya huenda tukafikiria kuwa sanaa za maonyesho ni tamthilia (michezo ya kuigiza) tu yaani ni kitendo chochote chenye sifa nne ambazo ni mchezo, mchezaji, uwanja wa kuchezea na watazamaji. Kwa upande mwingine tunaelewa kuwa tamthiliya ni aina ya sanaa iliyoletwa kwetu kutoka nchi za kimagharibi wakati wa ukoloni ambapo walileta drama na tamthiliya za Shakespeare, sisi tukazipenda na tukazionyesha na kuziendeleza mpaka kufikia hatua ya kuandika tamthiliya za Kiafrika kwa lugha za Kiafrika kuhusu maisha ya jamii ya Kiafrika.
Hivyo basi, iwapo tutafikiria kuwa sanaa za maonyesho ni tamthiliya tu, basi ni kusema kuwa kabla ya mkoloni kutuletea tamthiliya tulikuwa hatuna sanaa za maonyesho za kijadi.
Wazo hili ni potofu sana kwani tunazo sanaa za maoneysho zenye asili ya hapa hapa Afrika. Hii ni kwa sababu tunasema kuwa sanaa za maonyesho ni kitendo chochote chenye sifa za mchezo, mchezaji, uwanja wa kuchezea na watazamaji kama vile jando, unyago, kusalia mizimu au masimulizi ya hadithi.
Dosari kubwa katika ufafanuzi huu imo katika neno mchezo (play) lenye maana duni sana likilianganishwa na umuhimu wa sanaa za maonyesho zenye asili ya Afrika. Tukichukua kwa mfano; jando, unyago, kusalia mizimu au masimulizi ya hadithi ambayo ni mifano ya sanaa za maonyesho zenye sifa zote nne. Isipokuwa tunajua kuwa shughuli zote hizi siyo michezo na umuhimu wao hauruhusu hata kidogo, kuingiza neno mchezo kwa kuwa zina maana muhimu ambayo inahusu maisha ya binadamu katika jamii yake.
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Katika jamii ya Kiafrika ambayo utamaduni wake ulikuwa haujaingiliwa na utamaduni wa nchi za kigeni, ilikuwa na aina nyingi sana za sanaa za maonyesho. Kwa kuwa jamii hizo zilikuwa zimegawanyika katika makabila mengi, kila kabila lilikuwa na aina zake za sanaa za maonyesho. Lakini kwa ujumla wake sanaa za maonyesho za asili zinaweza kugawanywa kwenye makunmdi makubwa matano kwama vile sherehe, ngoma, masimulizi ya hadithi, kusalia miungu na majigambo. Sanaa hizi za maonyesho za kijadi zinazoingia kwenye kundi moja zaweza kitofautiana hapa na pale kimtindo lakini kimsingi huwa ziko sawa.
Hivyo basi baada ya kuifafanua kwa kina dhana ya sanaa za maonyesho pamoja na asili yake, zifuazo ni hoja zinazoelezae ni jinsi gani sanaa za kimagharibi zilivyoathiri sanaaa za maonyesho za Kiafrika na fasihi simulizi kwa ujumla.
Sanaa za maonyesho za kimagharibi zilizifanya sanaa za maonyesho za Kiafrika kujikita katika dhana za vichekesho yaani ni maigizo yanayochekesha tu (drama), Kwa kuwa tangu awali sanaa za maonyesho za Kiafrika zilikuwa na umuhimu wake katika jamii husika, lakini wakati wa mkoloni walileta sanaa za maonyesho za kikwao yaani drama sisi (Waafrika) tulishiriki kama washiriki au watazamaji tu, mfano Waafrika walichukulia kule kushiriki kwao ni kama kujiburudisha au kujifurahisha tu. Walifurahishwa na vile vitendo vilivyofanywa kwenye jukwaa na katika kufurahi walichekeshwa pia. Basi ikawa jambo linalojitokeza kwenye tamthiliya hizi ni kule kuchekesha na walidhani kuchekesha ndiyo madhumuni ya tamthiliya.
Watu wa magharibi ndio waliotufanya tufikiri hivyo kwa sababu hawakutambua ama kwa makusudi ama kwa kutoelewa Waafrika walikuwa na sanaa zao za asili. Walituletea drama kama vile wanatuletea sanaa mpya ambayo aina yake haikuwapo hapa Afrika. Mwafrika kwa kuwa aliendelea kujua kuwa sanaa za maonyesho ni tamthiliya (drama). Baadaye Waafrika walipanua dhana hizo na kuja na tamthiliya mpya katika hali ya vichekesho. Utunzi wa vichekesho ulijikita katika misingi ya kitamthiliya iliyozungumzia zaidi mazingira ya Kiafrika.
Kutothamini sanaa za maonesho za kiafrika, wakoloni kutotambua ama kwa makusudi kwamba kuna sanaa za maonesho za Kiafrika hata kama walifahamau walipuuza wakatupilia mbali sanaa za maonesho za Kiafrika wakaingiza drama kama sanaa mpya na mkazo ukatiliwa zaidi katika sanaa hiyo mpya. Mfano kupitia dini na elimu ya watu wa magharibi iliwafanya Waafrika kuanza kudharau sanaa zao za jadi na kuanza kuingiza sanaa za kigeni shuleni na ibada za kigeni. Kufuatia vitendo vyote vya sanaa za maonyesho.
Wageni wa magharibi walitumia mbinu mbalimbali kufuta na kuondoa vitendo mbalimbali vya jadi na tamaduni za Kiafrika ambavyo ndivyo vilivyobeba sanaa za Kiafrika kama vile jando na unyago, kutambikia mizimu, ngoma za jadi nk. ambavyo vitendo hivi viliitwa vya kishenzi. Njia walizotumia ni kuingiza dini na elimu za kimagharibi.
Sanaa za maonesho zilionekana kama maigizo, (plays) wazo hili limesababishwa na tafsiri mbovu ya neno “play” ambalo limefasiriwa kuwa mchezo wa kuigiza kuita [play] mchezo wa kuigiza ni kosa linalotokana na aidha kutokuelewa kiini cha drama ama aliyetoa tafsiri hii alikuwa amefuata nadharia za zamani sana za drama ambapo walidhani uigizaji (imitation) ndiyo kiiini cha drama, hivyo basi dhana hii kuwa sanaa za maonesho ni maigizo imezifanya sanaa za jadi za Kiafrika kupoteza maana.
Kwa hiyo kutokanan na dhana hii ya kuwa sanaa za maonesho ni maigizo (plays) inazinyima hadhi sanaa jadi za kiafrika zenye umuhimu katika jamii husika.
Kuingizwa utamaduni wa kimagharibi; Waafrika walikuwa na utamaduni wao ambao unaendana na matendo yanayoonesha sanaa za maonesho na fasihi ya Kiafrika matendo hayo ni kama jando unyago, kusalia mizimu  maleba, ngoma masimulizi ya hadithi na majigambo. Kutokana na kuingia na kukua kwa tamaduni za kigeni Waafrika waliacha kuteketeza sanaa zao za Kiafrika na kuiga sanaa za kimagharibi ambazo zilitawaliwa na tamaduni za kimagharibi.
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Athari katika utendaji, kukua kwa maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia ya kimagharibi kuliathiri utendaji wa sanaa za maonesho na fasihi simulizi kwa ujumla kutokana na maendeleo hayo, fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika ilipopoteza dhana ya utendaji ambao ndio uhai/uti wa mgongo wa fasihi simulizi na sanaa za maonesho.
Ingawa fasihi ya kimagharibi ina athari katika sanaa za maonesho za Kiafrika, pia imeweza kutoa mchango mkubwa katika sanaa zetu.
Nchi za kimagharibi zimeweza kutoa mchango mkubwa katika kukuza sanaa za maonesho na fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika:
Walisaidia katika uchambuzi wa tamthiliya, Uchambuzi wa tamthiliya kwa kutumia mbinu za kiaristotle na shake spear ilichangia kukuza sanaa za maonesho za kiafrika hasa katika kipengele cha utendaji kwani Anstotle anasema tamthiliya lazima ziwe na sehemu ya kutendea na pawepo na mapazia, taa nk. Hivyo, ilipelekea watunzi wa sanaa za maonesho za Kiafrika hasa tamithiliya kuongeza utendaji wake, mfano tamthiliya ya orodha imefuata mfumo huohuo wa uandishi.
Waafrika kuanza kuandika tamthilia zao; Ushiriki wa Waafrika katika Tamthilia za Sharkespear iliwafanya waanze kuandika tamthiliya zinazozungumzia mandhari ya Kitanzania. Watanzania walishiriki katika tamthiliya ambazo Watanzania hawakuwa wanazielewa kwa hivyo wakajaribu kutunga vijitamthilia vidogovidogo kufuatana na  misingi ya Kizungu lakini  vilivyoongelea  jamii ya Mtanzania ya wakati ule. Hivyo uwezo wa Watanzania (Waafrika kuweza kuandika vijitamthiliya vidogo vidogo ni- mchango kutoka kwa watu wa magharibi kwani waliweza kutumia misingi ya kimagharibi. Aina ya tamthiliya hiyo iliitwa/ilijulikana kama “VICHEKESHO”, vichekesho vilishamiri sana hasa kati ya watoto wa shule ambao bila ya uongozi wa walimu wa kigeni walitunga vichekesho na kuvionesha mfano wa vichekesho “Mshamba wa Mji, “Bwana tajiri na mtumishi wake” au “mshamba wa siagi”
Wageni walisaidia katika uhifadhi wa sanaa za maonesho na fasihi kwa ujumla, hii inamaana Waafrika waliandika tamthiliya zao tofauti na ilivyokuwa mwanzo ambao zilihifadhiwa kichwani lakini kutokana na Elimu waliyoipata kutokea kwa mkoloni waliweza kuandika au kutunga vichekesho mbalimbali na kuvihifadhi katika, santuri (CD) na maandishi, mfano “mshamba wa siagi” na “mwafrika mwenye elimu” ambapo hii inaonesha mchango wa watu wa magharibi  katika kukuza sanaa za maonesho fasihi simulizi kwa ujumla.
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Walichangia katika kukomaza sanaa za maonesho na fasihi kwa jumla, Waafrika kuanza kuchapa vitabu, kuanzia mwaka 1961 vitabu mbalimbali viliandikwa vya tamthiliya ambavyo vilizungumzia mambo mbalimbali ya mifumo ya mwanadamu kama uchumi; kijamii; na kisiasa ambapo awali havikuzungumiziwa katika vijitamthilia vidogo vidogo vilivyo lenga kuchekesha na kutoa ujumbe fulani. Hivyo mabadiliko kutoka kuandika vichekesho hadi kuandika mambo ya kijamii yahusuyo Afrika. Mfano; KINJEKITILE, ALIYEONJA PEPO, WAKATI UKUTA, HATIA, TAMBUENI HAKI ZETU.” Kazi hizi ziliandikwa baada ya mwaka 1965.
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Waafrika kuanza kuandika kwa ngonjera za Kiswahili; nchi za   magharibi zilichangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kukuza sanaa za maonesho na fasihi simulizi kwa ujumla, kwani, kutokana na mambo mbalimbali, yaliyofanywa na nchi za magharibi kama kuwashirikisha Waafrika ambao baadaye waliweza kuandika tamthiliya na ngonjera mbalimbali. Mfano katika miaka 1967 wakati wa kipindi cha Azimio la Arusha ngonjera nyingi katika kipindi hiki zilizungumzia mfumo ya maisha kisiasa, kiuchumi, na kijamii ambapo kazi nyingi ziliandikwa zilizozungumzia juu ya Azimio la Arusha.
Pamoja na athari mbalimbali zilizosababishwa na watu wa magharibi katika sanaa ya maonyesho na fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika kwa ujumla. Nchi za magharibi zimeweza kuchangia kwa kiasi fulani katika kukua kwa fasihi simulizi na sanaa ya maonesho ya Kiafrika.
Hivyo basi, pamoja na athari na mchango wa nchi za magharibi katika sanaa ya maonesho na fasihi simulizi kwa ujumla imekabiliwa na changamoto mbalimbali kama mipangilio mibaya katika kupanga muda wa kuandaa na kuonesha sanaa hizo, uhaba wa fedha za kuendeshea shughuli zinazohusiana na sanaa ya maonesho na fasihi kwa ujumla pia uchache wa wataalam wanaohusika na fasihi simulizi ya Kiafrika na sanaa ya maonesho kwa ujumla.
MAREJEO
Mhando, P na N. Balisidya; (1976 ). Fasihi na Sanaa  za Maonesho. Tanzania  Publishing: Dar-es-Salaam.
Wamitila, W. K. (2003). Kichocheo Cha Fasihi Simulizi na Andishi.
Focus Publications Ltd: Nairobi, Kenya. Mine coins – make money: http://bit.ly/money_crypto
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ATHARI ZA KIMAGHARIBI KATIKA SANAA ZA MAONESHO ZA KIAFRIKA NA FASIHI KWA UJUMLA - by MwlMaeda - 06-30-2021, 06:56 PM

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