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Lugha za Kibantu

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Lugha za Kibantu
#1
   
Lugha za Kibantu ni kundi la lugha ambalo ni tawi la lugha za Niger-Kongo.
Lugha za Kibantu huzungumzwa hasa katika nchi za Nigeria, Kamerun, Guinea ya Ikweta, Gabon, Jamhuri ya Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Komori, Msumbiji, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland na Afrika ya Kusini.
Uenezi huo unaonyesha kwamba kundi la lugha za Kibantu ni kubwa kabisa barani Afrika, na idadi ya wanaozitumia ni takriban watu milioni 310.
Neno Bantu, maana yake ni watu katika lugha nyingi za kundi hilo. Shina lake ni -ntu, na kiambishi awali cha ba- kinaonyesha uwingi wa viumbehai. Kwa sababu hiyo, mtaalamu Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek (aliyeishi tangu mwaka 1827 hadi 1875) alitumia neno hilo kwa kurejea kundi la lugha hizo. Bleek alilinganisha sarufi za lugha mbalimbali za Kibantu, na baadaye Carl Meinhof alimfuata katika utafiti huo.
Kuna mamia ya lugha za Kibantu; wataalamu wengine wanahesabu 300, wengine wanahesabu 600. Mtaalamu Malcolm Guthrie aliziainisha kulingana na maeneo ya kijiografia. Kila eneo limepata herufi yake — A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, R na S — na ndani ya kila eneo kuna tarakimu tena. Pia, Guthrie alichunguza lugha ya nasaba ambayo ni chanzo cha lugha zote za Kibantu.
Tabia za Kibantu na historia ya lugha
Lugha za Kibantu zina tabia mbalimbali za pamoja. Kati ya tabia hizo kuna viambishi awali na ngeli za nomino.
Kutokana na sifa hizo wataalamu wamekadiria kwamba asili ya lugha za Kibantu ilikuwa katika maeneo ya Kamerun ya Kusini; kutoka huko wasemaji asilia wa Kibantu katika milenia ya pili KK walihamia Kongo hadi Zambia. Waliendelea kuhamahama na kupanuka hadi kufika maeneo yote walipo sasa.
Sehemu kubwa ya maeneo ya wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu zilikaliwa awali na wasemaji wa lugha za Khoisan. Wataalamu wamekisia kwamba Wabantu walifaulu kuenea kutokana na maarifa yao ya kilimo na hasa matumizi ya chuma katika zana za kilimo na pia silaha.
Lugha za Kibantu zenye wasemaji wengi
Kati ya lugha za Kibantu zinazotumika zaidi kuna Kiswahili na Kilingala. Lugha zenye wasemaji wengi kama lugha ya kwanza ni Kizulu na Kishona.
(Idadi ya wasemaji ni makadirio tu; bado ina tofauti kati ya makala na makala)
  • Kiswahili na lahaja zake (wasemaji milioni 75) : Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Rwanda, Burundi, Komori, Mayotte, Msumbiji, Somalia.
  • Kinyarwanda-Kirundi : (wasemaji milioni 15): Rwanda, Burundi
  • Lingala (wasemaji milioni 10): Angola, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Jamhuri ya Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Gabon
  • Chichewa (wasemaji milioni 9) : Malawi
  • Kizulu (wasemaji milioni 9) : Afrika Kusini
  • Kisukuma (wasemaji milioni 9) : Tanzania.
  • Kishona (wasemaji milioni 7) : Msumbiji, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  • Gikuyu (wasemaji milioni 7) : Kenya
  • Kikongo (wasemaji milioni 6) : Angola, Jamhuri ya Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo
  • Chiluba (wasemaji milioni 6) : Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Angola
Mwl Maeda
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Lugha za Kibantu - by MwlMaeda - 06-15-2021, 07:24 AM

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