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DHANA NA DHIMA YA UMAPOKEO KATIKA USHAIRI

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DHANA NA DHIMA YA UMAPOKEO KATIKA USHAIRI
#1
Kwa Muhtasari
MKABALA wa kimapokeo ndio ulioanza katika kutoa fasili ya ushairi kutokana na ukweli kwamba watetezi wake waliupokea tu kutoka kwa wazee bila kuhoji ikiwa kweli mambo yalivyoelezwa ndivyo yalivyo au la.
Wao waliurithi tu. Dhana hii ya umapokeo ni tafsiri ya ile dhana ya Kiingereza “ Traditional approach.”
Gituma (2010) anafasili shairi kuwa ni mtungo wa kisanaa wenye mpangilio maalumu wa lugha ya mkato katika usemi, maandishi au wimbo unaoelezea wazi kuhusu mawazo, hisi au tukio kuhusu maisha na ambao hufuata utaratibu wa urari na muwala maalumu uliosheheni kanuni za utunzi wa mashairi.
Fasili hii inasisitiza kwamba “shairi ni wimbo, shairi huwa na urari (bila shaka wa vina na mizani), shairi huwa na kanuni mbalimbali.”
Maelezo haya bila shaka yametokana na athari za Abedi (1954:1) ambaye imani hiyo ilimfanya kuandika kitabu alichokiita ‘Sheria za Kutunga Mashairi na Diwani ya Amri’.
Jambo la dhahiri hapa ni kwamba utunzi wa mashairi una kanuni maalumu na kwamba kama shairi haliimbiki basi halina maana. Mtazamo huu kwamba shairi ni wimbo ndio unaotawala sana miongoni mwa wanamapokeo wengi.
Hili lina maana kwamba shairi linatungwa ili liimbwe na hadhira husika. Wazo hili linapewa nguvu na fasili ya Uvetie (1976) anaposema kwamba, “napenda kuwafafanulieni kwamba mashairi ni usemi usemwao kwa namna ya mafumbo na pia ni nyimbo.”
Zaidi ya kusisitiza ushairi kuwa ni wimbo, dhana nyingine kwamba shairi lazima liwe fumbo ni kusema kuwa kama shairi si fumbo basi si shairi.
Aidha, Mnyampala (1964:4) anabainisha kwamba mashairi ni nyimbo zenye maghani ya mvuto wa madoido na vingorimbo bora. Anachokisema hapa ni kwamba ushairi lazima utumie lugha tamu yenye madoido ya kuupamba. Dhana ya ushairi kama utamu wa lugha inaonekana pia kwa Uvetie (1976) ambaye anachagua kukiita kitabu chake cha mashairi ‘Utamu wa Lugha’.
Ingawa hivyo, fasili hizi zinaweza kuonekana kuwa sahihi zaidi katika fasihi simulizi ambapo utanzu wa ushairi (na hasa ushairi simulizi) unachukuliwa kuwa ni wimbo.
Kimsingi, tunapozungumzia utanzu wa ushairi katika fasihi simulizi tunazungumzia nyimbo za aina mbalimbali za makabila ya Kiafrika.
Ushairi kama wimbo ulionekana sana katika miaka ya awali ya maendeleo ya taaluma ya ushairi wa Kiswahili (kabla ya miaka ya 1960).
Baada ya hapo, dhana ya ushairi kama wimbo ilipingwa vikali. Hadi sasa inakubaliwa miongoni mwa wanazuoni na katika fasihi ya Kiswahili kwamba, shairi si lazima liimbike. Shairi linaweza kughaniwa, kutongolewa au hata kusemwa.
Kwa kusema kwamba shairi lazima liimbike, ina maana kwamba shairi lazima liwe na urari wa vina na mizani. Mashairi yanayopishana sana kivina na mizani ni vigumu kuyaimba.
Dhana hii ya urari wa vina na mizani kama sifa kuu ya shairi imepingwa vikali na hatimaye kubainika kwamba shairi linaweza kuwa na urari wa vina na mizani au lisiwe nao lakini bado likabaki kuwa shairi.
Jambo la kukumbuka ni kwamba shairi linapokosa urari wa vina na mizani kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa shairi husika kutoimbika.
Hivyo basi, dhana ya shairi kama wimbo si ya msingi japo hatuwezi kuipuuza kabisa kwani inajaribu kutupa upande mmoja wa sarafu ya shairi.
Zaidi ya msisitizo katika kanuni na uimbikaji, fasili nyingine za ushairi zimejikita zaidi katika dhima ya ushairi. Mnyampala (1975) anaufasili ushairi kwa kuzingatia nguvu ya shairi kuiasa, kuiongoza jamii kwa pamoja licha ya kusheheneza uzuri na utamu wa lugha.
Anauona ushairi kuwa ni utungo wenye maneno ya hekima na kwamba ndio utungo ulio bora sana katika maongozi ya dunia.
Anafafanua kwamba kuna aina tano za mashairi kwa kuzingatia maongozi na mafunzo yanayotoa. Aina hizo ni mashairi ya kawaida, mashairi ya furaha, mashairi ya huzuni, mashairi mazito na mashairi ya kuadibu.
Mashairi ya kawaida ni yale ambayo yana mawaidha ya dunia, visa na mikasa ya kawaida na mengine ya aina hiyo wakati mashairi ya furaha hushangilia tamasha iliyopo, kutakia heri na mafanikio, ombi la kudumisha furaha hiyo na waadhi kwa ajili ya tafrija hiyo.
Kwa upande wa yale yaliyomo katika mashairi ya huzuni, anayataja kuwa ni rambirambi, maombezi kwa Mungu kwa ajili ya marehemu, maombezi kwa wale waliobaki, historia ya marehemu na kumbukumbu itakiwayo.
Nayo mashairi mazito huwa ni mashairi ya kuzama (kufumba), mashairi ya tambo, pigo kuu la ushairi, furaha ya ushairi na taaluma zake na kuonyesha mbinu za lugha ya mshairi yule.
Aina nyingine ni mashairi ya kuadibu ambayo humwonya mtu kinagaubaga bila kutumia utusi, kumtanabahisha ya hatima, mashairi yanayohusu maandiko matakatifu na yale yahusuyo uungwana.
Wakati ambapo tunakubaliana na wazo kuwa shairi linaweza kumwongoza mwanadamu, tunaona kwamba ushairi unapaswa kufasiliwa kwa kuzingatia nduni bainifu na si nduni jumuishi kwani tanzu zote za fasihi huwa na jukumu hilo la kumwongoza mwanadamu.
Moja ya dhima kuu za fasihi ni kuelimisha, na huko ni kusema tanzu zote za fasihi huelimisha. Hata hivyo, izingatiwe kwamba si kila shairi hubeba mawazo ya hekima na linakusudia kutoa maongozi kwa jamii.
Yapo mashairi mengi ambayo yanapotosha jamii. Zaidi ya uwezo wake mkubwa wa kuielimisha jamii, fasihi inaweza pia kuipotosha jamii hiyo.
Mwl Maeda
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DHANA NA DHIMA YA UMAPOKEO KATIKA USHAIRI - by MwlMaeda - 01-03-2022, 11:32 AM

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