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FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIYA NA UHAKIKI: MUHADHARA WA TISA

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FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIYA NA UHAKIKI: MUHADHARA WA TISA
#1
MUHADHARA WA TISA
HISTORIA FUPI YA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
Wataalamu wengi wanakubaliana  kwamba asili ya ushairi wa Kiswahili ni tungo simulizi hasa ngoma na nyimbo. Kabla ya karne ya 10BK ushairi wa Kiswahili ulikuwa ukitungwa na kughaniwa kwa ghibu (sanaa za asili) bila kuandikwa.
Ø Baadhi ya tanzu za ushairi zilihusu masuala ya dini hasa ya Kiislamu na taaluma ya uandishi kwa hati ya kiarabu.
Ø Miongoni mwa watunzi mashuhuri wa ushairi wa mwanzo wa Kiswahili ni Fumo Liyongo.
Ø Uandishi wa ushairi uliendelea kuwa wa ghibu hata baada ya karne ya 15 na kusawiri mabadiliko ya mifumo mbalimbali ya kimaendeleo katika maisha mfano: kipindi cha waarabu kiliambatana na migogoro mingi ya vita,upinzani,mizozo kati ya madola ya miji ya Pwani na kati ya watwana na mabwana.
Ø Vilevile wasomi wa kidini waliibua fasihi ya ushairi uliotafakari theolojia na falsafa ya maisha mfano: Utenzi wa Al-Inkishafi.
Ø Tendi za Kiislamu zilizungumzia pia matukio ya uarabuni enzi za Mtume Muhammad.
Mfano:
–   Utenzi wa Shufaka (kuomba rehema)
–   Utenzi wa Ngamia na Paa (dua kutegemea aendako muombaji)
–   Utenzi wa Mikidadi na Mayasa (namna ya kuwaasa watoto wa kike na kiume)
–   Utenzi wa Ras L’ Ghuli
TUNGO ZA KITAMADUNI, MAWAIDHA NA TUMBUIZO
(a)    Tungo za kitamaduni (mawaidha na tumbuizo)
Mfano: utenzi wa Mwanakupona ulitungwa na Bi. Mwanakupona akimuasa binti yake juu ya nidhamu, heshima na utii kwa mumwe wake.
MASHAIRI YA SIASA
Watunzi mashuhuri wa kundi hili ni Muyaka bin Haji, Suud bin Said na Kibabina. Hawa ni baadhi ya watunzi wa mashairi ya kisiasa na walifungwa jela na kuuawa. Pia kulikuwa na mashairi ya kukataa kutawaliwa na wakoloni.
Mfano:
–   Potugezi Afala
Mzungu Migheli
KARNE YA ISHIRINI
Ushairi karne ya 20 hadi sasa.
Maendeleo ya ushairi wa Kiswahili yaliathiriwa na mambo matatu ambayo ni:
–   Elimu ya kizungu
–   Hati ya maandishi ya kirumi
–   Taaluma ya uchapaji
Haya yote yaliletwa na wazungu.
ATHARI ZA UJIO WA WAARABU KATIKA USHAIRI WA KISWAHILI
(a)    Hati za kiarabu
(b)    Maudhui yalilenga elimu akhera zaidi ya siasa na mawaidha
©    Fani; kanuni zilianza kutumika kwa kuzingatia vina na mizani. Mwanzilishi wa kanuni za utunzi wa mashairi ni Plato kutoka Ugiriki.
(d)    Elimu;mashairi yalieneza elimu ya Kiswahili maeneo ya bara kupitia shule. Maarifa ya kusoma na kuandika,maarifa ya arudhi (kanuni ) za utunzi zilipewa kipaumbele katika kutunga mashairi.
(e)    Hati za kirumi; zilienea kupitia elimu ya shule,makanisani kwa kutumiwa na watunzi wengi badala ya hati za kiarabu.
–   Kipindi hiki ushairi ulianza kusomwa na watu wengi zaidi na hata wasio waislamu na baadhi yao wakaanza kutunga mashairi mfano: Mathias Mnyampala.
–   Utunzi huu uliingia magazetini na kuhamasisha watu wengi kusoma magazeti mfano: gazeti la Mambo Leo (1923).
–   Kuanzishwa kwa shirika la uchapaji nako kulichochea utunzi wa mashairi ya Kiswahili kwa sababu watunzi wengi walipata mahali pa kuchapa kazi zao (shirika la uchapaji la Afrika Mashariki : The East African Literature Bureau, 1948) lilichapa kazi mbalimbali za watunzi mashuhuri.
Mfano:
–   Mathias Mnyampala
–   Akilimali Snow-White
–   Amri Abeid.
SHUGHULI ZA KISIASA ZA KUDAI UHURU (1950-1960)
  1. Ushairi ulipamba moto ukihamasisha wanajamii kudai uhuru mfano: Mashairi ya Saadan Kandoro
  2. Baada ya uhuru ushairi ulisambaa zaidi kutokana na msukumo wa kisiasa na fani mpya mfano; Ngonjera na Mavue ni mashairi yasiyo na kanuni. Mashairi huru yaliyoanzishwa ili kuzingatia mahitaji mapya ya kisiasa na kisanii.
HISTORIA YA USHAIRI KIFASIHI
Historia ya ushairi kifasihi inaweza kubainishwa katika mihula mbalimbali kama alivyofanya Kezilahabi. Mihula minne aliyoianzisha Kezilahabi ni:
(i)         Muhula wa urasimi mkongwe; hiki ni kipindi ambacho ushairi ulitawaliwa na kanuni na mitazamo ya kidini na kimwingi.
(ii)       Muhula wa utasa (kipindi cha mpito); ni kipindi cha mabadiliko ya kiutamaduni na kielimu kulikoleta mabadiliko ya hati za maandishi. Kipindi hiki mashairi machache yalitungwa kwa lugha ya kiarabu na kanuni kubadilika.
(iii)     Muhula wa urasimi mpya; huu ulikuja wakati wa kufufua kanuni za utunzi ambapo palitungwa kitabu cha sheria na kanuni na kusambaza kwa watunzi. Kitabu hicho kilitungwa na Amri Abeid na kuchapishwa 1954.
(iv)       Muhula wa sasa (ulimbwende,1967); ni muhula wa mtazamo mpya kimawazo na kisanaa. Muhula huu umeibua mgogoro mkubwa kati ya uwanja wa ushairi baina ya wanamapokeo na wanausasa.
Mwl Maeda
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FASIHI YA KISWAHILI NADHARIYA NA UHAKIKI: MUHADHARA WA TISA - by MwlMaeda - 12-27-2021, 01:36 PM

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