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FASILI YA NENO KILEKSIKA, KIMUUNDO NA KISARUFI

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FASILI YA NENO KILEKSIKA, KIMUUNDO NA KISARUFI
#1
DHANA ZA MSINGI
(a)  Mofimu
Kwa mujibu wa Matinde (2012:101) mofimu ni maana inayowakilishwa na mofu. Pia mofimu ni dhana ambayo ni sehemu ya umilisi kwa watumiaji wa lugha husika.
Mofimu ni vipashio vidogo vya msingi vinavyotumika katika kuunda maneno ya lugha. Mofimu ni vipashio vinavyoonyesha uhusiano uliopo kati ya sauti msingi za lugha yaani fonimu na maana maalumu katika sarufi ya lugha (Besha, 1994:52).
Aidha Massamba na wenzake (2013:13) wanaeleza kuwa mofimu ni kipashio kidogo kabisa katika umbo la neno kilicho amilifu (yaani kilicho na kazi ya kisarufi au kileksika) na ambacho hakiwezi kuvunjwa au kugawanywa katika vipande vingine vidogo bila kupoteza uamilifu wake.
Kwa ujumla mofimu ni kipashio kidogo cha lugha chenye maana kisarufi au kileksika.
Aina za MofimuMatinde (2012) ameainisha na kuelezea aina kuu mbili za mofimu yaani mofimu huru na mofimu tegemezi.
Mofimu huru. Ni silabi moja au zaidi yenye maana kamili ya neno na inaweza kujisimamia yenyewe bila msaada wa viambishi au silabi nyingine. Aghalabu mofimu huru huwa nomino, vivumishi au vielezi visivyochukua viambishi vya ngeli mfano daktari, ndoa, nyumba.
Mofimu tegemezi. Ni mofimu ambazo huhitaji viambishi ili kukamilisha maana iliyokusudiwa. Mofimu hizi hujumuisha mzizi wa neno au shina la kitenzi, kivumishi, nomino au vielezi ambavyo vinahitaji viambishi viwakilishi vya ngeli ili kutoa maana iliyokusudiwa.
Kwa ujumla mofimu inaweza kujidhihirisha kwa namna kuu tatu tofautitofauti ambazo ni;(i) mzizi. Mfano; ruk-   ruka                             Kop-  kopa                             Pig-    piga                            Lim-   lima                             Chez- cheza                       (ii) kiambishi. Mfano; a-na-temb-e-a                                      a-na-lim-a                                   kop-esh-a                                   a-na-chez-a(iii) Neno yaani neno sharti liwe linajitosheleza kimaana  mfano Baba, Dirisha, Mama, Kaka, Babu, Asha, Juma na maneno mengineyo mengi ya namna hiyo.
(b) AlomofuMatinde (2012:100) Alomofu ni maumbo mawili au zaidi yanayowakilisha mofimu moja na hutokea katika mazingira maalum ya utokeaji.
Besha (1994:55) anaeleza kuwa Alomofu za mofimu ambazo zinatokea katika mazingira maalumu ya kifonolojia ya utokeaji wake unaweza kutabirika.
Hivyo basi, Alomofu ni maumbo mawili au zaidi yanayowakilisha mofimu ileile moja na ambayo huweza kutokea katika mazingira maalum.
Kanuni za alomofu katika kauli ya kutendeka.
Matinde (2012:192) anasema kuwa alomofu {-ik-} hutokea katika shina likiwa na irabu mojawapo kati ya a, i au u na mzizi huo huishia na konsonanti ambayo huonyesha ubora wa jambo fulani au uwezekano wa kitu kufanyika.Mfano;  {imb-} + //-ik-// + {-a} = imbika              {umb-} + //-ik-// + {-a} = umbika              {fany­-} + //-ik-// + {-a} = fanyika              {pit-} + //-ik-// + {-a} = pitika              {tup-} + //-ik-// + {-a} = tupikaHabwe na Karanja (2007:110) anasema alomofu /-ek-/ hutokea iwapo mzizi wa kitenzi ndani yake una irabu e au o na mzizi huo huishia na konsananti na huonyesha ubora wa kitu/jambo kufanyika au uwezekano wa jambo fulani kufanyika.Mfano;   {jeng-} + //-ek-// + {-a} =jengeka               {pony-} + //-ek-// + {-a} = ponyeka                  {chom-} + //-ek-// + {-a} = chomeka               {tosh-} + //-ek-// + {-a} = tosheka               {som-} + //-ek-// + {-a} = someka               {tek-} + //-ek-// + {-a} =tekeka© MofuMatinde (2012) akiwanukuu TUKI (1990) wanaeleza kuwa mofu ni kipashio cha isimu maumbo kiwakilishacho mofimu.
Matinde (2012) Mofu ni umbo kamili ambalo huwakilisha mofimu. Umbo hilo hudhihirika kifonolojia na kiothografia (uwezo wa kutamkwa na kuandikwa).
Katika lugha ya kitaalamu umbo linalowakilisha mofimu hujulikana kama mofu (Massamba na Wenzake, 2013:14).
Kwa ujumla mofu ni umbo au maumbo yanayowakilisha mofimu na ambayo yanaweza kudhihirika kwa kutamkwa au kimaandishi.
Aina za MofuMatinde (2012) ameainisha mofu kwa kuzingatia vigezo viwili ambavyo ni:          (i) kigezo cha isimu maana          (ii) kigezo cha isimu maumboKatika kigezo cha isimu maana tunapata aina kuu tatu za mofu ambazo ni;        (i) Mofu huru        (ii) Mofu funge        (iii) Mofu tata
(i) Mofu huruNi mofu ambazo zinaweza kukaa peke yake kama maneno kamili yenye maana inayoeleweka bila kusaidiwa na mofu nyingine. Mofu huru zinaweza kuwa nomino,  kivumishi,  kiwakilishi, kielezi, kitenzi au kiunganishi.
(ii) Mofu funge au tegemeziNi mofu ambayo haiwezi kukaa peke yake kama neno lenye maana kamili. Mofu hizi huhitaji kuambatanishwa na mofu nyingine ili kupata maana sawa au neno kamili. Mfano: M-toto – w-atoto             Ki-su – vi-su             M-ti – mi-ti             Ji-tu – ki-ji-tuWakati mwingine mofu funge inaweza ikatokea katika mizizi ya vitenzi: Mfano: {-l-} katika neno kula              {-f-} katika neno kufa              {lim-} katika neno lima              {-j-} katika neno kuja              {-nyw-} katika neno kunywa
(iii) Mofu tataNi mofu ambayo huwa na maana zaidi ya moja yaani kuanzia mbili na kuendelea. Mofimu tata hutokea katika vitenzi vilivyopo katika kauli ya kutendea.Mfano:        Alimpigia = a-li-m-pig-i-a.                   Alimchezea = a-li-m-chez-e-a.                   Alimchomekea = a-li-m-chom-ek-e-a.Hivyo mofu {-i-} na {-e-} ni mofu ambazo zinaonyesha kauli ya kutendea na ndizo zinaleta utata katika vitenzi hivyo.
 Kigezo cha isimu maumboMatinde (2012) anaeleza kuwa katika kigezo hiki cha isimu  maumbo kuna aina kuu mbili za mofu. Aina hizo za mofu ni;            (i) Mofu changamani            (ii) Mofu kappa
(i) Mofu changamaniNi mofu inayoundwa kutokana na mwambatano wa mizizi miwili ambayo inaweza ikawa ni mizizi sahihi miwili kama vile;             {Askari} + {Kanzu} = Askarikanzu             {Gari} + {Moshi} = Garimoshi             {Fundi} + {Chuma} = FundichumaPia inaweza ikawa mofu funge + mofu huruMfano: {Mw-} + {-ana} + {nchi} = Mwananchi             {Mw-} + {-ana} + {hewa} = Mwanahewa


(ii) Mofu kapaNi mofu za pekee ambazo hazina umbo. Mofu kapa hazitamkwi wala kuandikwa. Mofu kapa hazionekani katika neno lakini athari zinazotokana na mofu kapa hueleweka.Mfano;    Umoja           wingi              U-kucha   –    ⱷkucha             U-kuta      –    ⱷkuta             U-funguo –     ⱷfunguo
Nomino zilizo na kiambishi cha wingi tu cha umoja hakipoMfano; umoja        wingi              ⱷkasha        Ma – kasha               ⱷdebe         Ma – debe               ⱷjembe       Ma – jembe
(b) Fasili ya neno kileksika, kimuundo na kisarufi  (i)  Fasili ya neno KileksikaNeno ni kipashio kidogo cha lugha chenye maana. Kwa maana hiyo neno ni lazima liwe na maana inayoeleweka kwa jamii inayotumia lugha hiyo. (Mdee, 1977).Mfano:   Mama- Mzazi wa kike               Ndama- Mtoto wa ng`ombeDhana hii ina mashiko kwa sababu maneno mengi katika lugha yana maana ya kueleweka kwa watumiaji wa lugha.
Udhaifu wa fasili hiiSi kila neno linalotumika linaweza kuwa na maana ya wazi au ya kileksika. Mfano baadhi ya maneno hasa  viunganishi na vihusishi  kama  vile ya, kwa, na, wakati ambapo yanakua hayana maana ya kileksika lakini yana uamilifu kisarufi.
  (ii) Fasili ya neno kimuundoNeno ni kipengele kidogo kabisa cha sentensi ambacho kinaweza kuhamishwa kutoka nafasi moja hadi nyingine bila kuathiri sarufi ya lugha katika tungo au sentensi hiyo (cruse, 1986) akinukuliwa na (Mdee, 1997).  Kwa ujumla hapa kinachotazamwa zaidi ni kategoria za maneno na mpangilio wake katika tungo.
Mfano: Ali   alimuua     Ahmed              N          T               N            Ahmed    alimuua   Ali
                 N            T          NHapa N ni nomino na T ni kitenzi japo nomino zimebadilishana nafasi lakini sarufi hiyo haijaathirika. Utaratibu huu husaidia katika kujifunza sarufi ya lugha hasa miundo ya tungo kama kirai, kishazi na sentensi na pia kujua sehemu za tungo kama kiima na kiarifu.Udhaifu wa fasili hii·         Sio maneno yote yanaweza kuhamishwahamishwa bila kuvuruga sarufi ya lugha
Mfano;   Ali alisimama kando ya mto                        Amesimama kando ya mto Ali                        Kando ya mto Ali amesimama                        *Mto Ali amesimama kando ya                        *Mto ya kando amesimamaHivyo sentensi mbili za mwisho hazikidhi haja ya usahihi wa kisarufi.·         Vilevile unapohamisha maneno basi maana ya neno pia hubadilika.
Mfano;      Zubeda anampenda Zawadi                        Zawadi anampenda Zubeda
Nomino zimebadilishana nafasi hazijaathiri sarufi ya lugha lakini kimaana imebadilika kwa sababu katika sentensi ya kwanza Zubeda ndiye anatenda tendo na katika sentensi ya pili Zawadi ndiye anatenda tendo.
(iii) Fasili ya neno kisarufi Kwa mujibu wa Katamba (1993:19) ili neno litambulike lazima liwe katika muktadha wa matumizi. Katamba anasema neno moja linaweza kuwa na dhima mbalimbali na dhima hiyo itagundulika tu litakapokuwa ndani ya muktadha wa matumizi kwenye sentensi. Anatoa mfano wa neno la kiingereza “cut” kwamba likiwa kipwekepweke mtu hawezi kutambua linarejelea nini pamoja kwamba neno hilo katika lugha ya kiingereza ni kitenzi yaani ‘kata’ lakini kuna wakati linaweza kutumika kurejelea nomino. Mfano I need my cut na I have cut my fingure. Ukichunguza vizuri mifano hii ‘cut’ katika sentensi ya kwanza hurejelea nomino na katika sentensi ya pili hurejelea kitenzi. Sentensi ya kwanza ilikuwa na maana ‘nahitaji stahiki yangu’ na ya pili ina maana ya ‘nimekata kidole’.
Kigezo hiki huenda mbali kwa kufafanua kuwa pia maneno kama ‘na’, ‘tu’, ‘si’ katika Kiswahili na maneno kama ‘and’, ‘an’, ‘the’ ‘on’ katika kiingereza nayo hayawezi kutambulika yanarejelea nini, lazima yawe katika muktadha wa matumizi ndio tunaweza kusema ni aina gani za maneno na kutambua maana zake.
Udhaifu wa fasili hii     Si lazima maneno yote yawe katika muktadha wa matumizi ndipo tuweze kubaini maana zake kwani kuna baadhi ya maneno huweza kutambulika kuwa yana maana gani  hata yasipokuwa katika muktadha wa matumizi katika sentensi. Kwa mfano nomino za mahali kama vile Dodoma, Mwanza na Morogoro na majina ya watu kama vile Amina, Omari, Magreth na Ali.
HITIMISHOHivyo basi katika kufasili dhana ya neno ni vyema kuzingatia vigezo vyote vya kisarufi kama vile fonolojia, maana, sarufi ili kupunguza changamoto zinazojitokeza katika kufasili dhana hii kama ilivyobainishwa hapo juu.
 
MAREJELEO:
Besha, R.M. (2007). Utangulizi wa Lugha na Isimu. Dar es Salaam: Macmillan Aidan Ltd.
Habwe, J. & Karanja, P. (2007). Misingi ya Sarufi ya Kiswahili. Nairobi: Phoenix Publishers.
Katamba, F. (1993). Morphology. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Massamba, D.P.B  na Wenzake. (2013).  Fonolojia ya Kiswahili Sanifu. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
Matinde, R.S. (2012). Dafina ya Lugha Isimu na Nadharia: Kwa Sekondari, Vyuo vya Kati na Vyuo Vikuu. Mwanza: Serengeti Educational Publishers (T) Ltd.
Mdee, D. (2007). Nadharia za Leksikografia. Dar es Salaam: TUKI.
TUKI. (1990). Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha. Dar es Salaam: TUKI
Mwl Maeda
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FASILI YA NENO KILEKSIKA, KIMUUNDO NA KISARUFI - by MwlMaeda - 12-03-2021, 04:36 PM

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