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MIUNDO YA VIAMBAJENGO VYA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI

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MIUNDO YA VIAMBAJENGO VYA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI
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MIUNDO YA VIAMBAJENGO VYA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI
 [Introduction to the Constituent Structure of Kiswahili Sentences]
 E.Wesana-Chomi
Taasisi ya Taaluma za Lugha
Chuo Kikuu cha Kabale
[Institute of Language Studies Kabale University]
Published by
The Institute of Kiswahili Studies University of Dar es salaam
 Dibaji [Preface]
Ufundishaji wa taaluma ya sintaksia ya Kiswahili vyuoni inakabiliwa na changamoto za mapungufu ya aina mbili. Kwanza, kuna upungufu wa vitabu vya kiada na vya rejea vinavyoweza kukidhi mahitaji ya wanafunzi wa taaluma hii katika viwango mbali mbali. Pili, vitabu husika vilivyopo sasa vina kasoro za aina moja au nyingine. Athari ya mapungufu hayo ni kwamba katika maeneo mengi wahitimu wa somo hili hutoka vyuoni wakiwa na mapengo kadhaa katika ujuzi wao wa sintaksia ya msingi ya Kiswahili. Kwa mfano, wahitimu hao huwa na ujuzi wa kijuu juu tu wa lugha kienzo inayojumuisha dhana za msingi kama vile muundo viambajengo, kategoria za maneno, ngeli, kirai, kishazi, sentensi, kauli za vitenzi, ukanushi, njeo, hali za vitenzi na nyinginezo. Kuhusu muundo viambajengo, wahitimu wa somo la sintksia ya Kiswahili hutoka vyuoni wakiwa na ujuzi mdogo na wa wasiwasi kuhusu uchanganuzi wa sentensi, hasa njia za kuwasilishia miundo viambajengo ya tungo mbali mbali. Kuhusu dhana ya ngeli, wahitimu husika huwa na ujuzi mdogo mno kuhusu vigezo vya kubainishia ngeli za nomino licha ya kutokuwa na ujuzi wa kuwawezesha kuamua kigezo gani hufaa zaidi kuliko vingine.
 Changamoto ya kasoro katika vitabu vinanavyotumiwa kufundishia taaluma ya sintaksia vyuoni ni muhimu kiasi kwamba inadai ufafanuzi zaidi. Kwanza, sarufi nyingi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia hutoa maelezo yasio sahihi na ambayo yanapotosha. Kwa mfano, vifungu vya maneno kama vile chini ya, juu ya, ndani ya hutolewa kama mifano ya vihusishi au hata ya vielezi bila kuzingatia kama kweli vifungu husika ni maneno (kwani, kihusishi au kielezi ni neno!) au kama kweli vifungu hivyo ni viambajengo vya kisarufi. Vile vile, virai vihusishi kama vile, kwa sababu hutolewa kama mfano wa kiunganishi wakati kinachomanishwa labda ni kwamba kirai hicho hufanya kazi kama kiunganishi na sio kwamba ni kiunganishi. Na isitoshe, vihusishi ni kategoria ya maneno iliyopuzwa na wanasarufi wengi wa Kiswahili. Kwa ujumla, kategoria hii haipewi nafasi yoyote katika ufafanuzi wa kategoria za maneno ya Kiswahili. Baya zaidi, wale wanaojaribu kuishughulikia kategoria hii, hutoa maelezo mapotofu. Kwa mfano, vihusishi kutokana na mzizi – a au na mzizi –enye kama vile wa, cha, ya, mwenye, chenye, yenye hutolewa kama mifano ya vivumishi maarufu kwa jina vivumishi vya –a unganifu au vivumishi vya –enye unganifu! Haya ni madai ambayo haina uhusiano na data husika! Ni madai yasio sahihi kwani, umbo wa katika tungo wa shule au umbo yenye katika tungo yenye mizigo, kwa mfano, si vivumishi bali ni vihusishi.
Pili, kuna maeneo mengine ya sintaksia ya Kiswahili yaliyopuuzwa kwa kiwango kikubwa katika sarufi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia. Kwa mfano, michakato ya uungaji, urejeshaji na ujalizaji haipewi nafasi inayostahili. Vile vile, tungo zijulikanazo kama ‘vishazi vielezi’ hutajwa tu kijuujuu kama ‘vishazi vitegemezi’ bila kueleza uhusiano wake wa kiujenzi na vishazi vingine kama vile vishazi rejeshi na vishazi nomino. Kwa ujumla, sarufi hizo huchukulia tu kwamba ‘vishazi vielezi’ ni mojawapo ya vishazi bebwa ambavyo hujumuisha vishazi nomino na vishazi rejeshi bila kueleza uhusiano wa kiujenzi kati ya vishazi vielezi na vishazi vingine.
Tatu, katika sarufi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia, kuna madai mengi ya kiuchanganuzi yenye utata mkubwa lakini huchukuliwa kama madai yasiyohitaji mjadala. Pamoja na madai hayo, ni haya teule yafuatayo:
(1) kwamba maumbo kama vile ambaye, ambao, ambacho ni viwakilishi
(2) kwamba kwa kuwa tungo kuwa na ina maana ‘to have’ katika Kiingereza, basi, tungo hiyo ni ‘neno’ linalochukuwa nafasi ya kitenzi kimoja katika sentensi (Ashton 1944, Kapinga 1983)
(3) kwamba viambishi patanishi katika kitenzi ni ‘viwakilishi’ (Gregersen 1967) au ‘viwakilishi viambata’ (Kapinga 1983).
(4) kwamba kitenzi {WA}, maarufu kwa jina ‘kitenzi kuwa’, ni mojawapo ya ‘vitenzi vishirikishi’, vingine vikiwa pamoja na maumbo kama vile ni, li ngali, ndi, bila kuzingatia kwamba hayo maumbo yote pamoja na umbo wa lenyewe si vitenzi tofauti bali ni alomofu za kitenzi kimoja chenye umbo msingi, yaani {WA}
(5) kwmba viambishi tenzi kama vile po- ki-, nge, nga-, hu- ni alama za njeo (Ashton 1944 na wafuasi wake) bila kueleza ni njeo gani inayoashiriwa na viambishi hivyo!
Masuala hayo yote pamoja na mengine ambayo hayakutajwa yanaakisi mapungufu anuai katika sarufi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia na ni ushahidi tosha kwamba taaluma ya sintaksia ya Kiswahili bado inakabiliwa na uhaba wa vitabu vyenye mising thabiti kwa wanafunzi wanaoanza kujifunza taaluma hii. Hivyo, kuna haja ya vitabu vyenye uwezo wa kukidhi mahitaji ya wanafunzi wa taaluma hii. Kwa kuzingatia masuala ambayo yalitajwa hapo juu pamoja na mambo mengine husika, kitabu hiki kinakusudia kufanikisha malengo mahsusi yafuatayo: (1) kuiandika upya sintaksia ya Kiswahili katika nyanja teule zenye mapungufu ya kiufafanuzi na ya kiuchanganuzi katika sarufi za Kiswahili za awali.
(2) kuimarisha ujuzi wa wanafunzi wa muundo viambajengo wa kisintaksia kwa kuwawasilishia lugha kienzo inayofaa pamoja na mada teule za sintaksia ya Kiswahili kwa njia nyepesi.
(3) kutoa kitabu cha sintaksia ya Kiswahili kinachoweza kukidhi mahitaji ya wanafunzi wa taaluma hii katika vyuo vikuu.
(4) kuziba mapengo katika taaluma ya sintaksia ya Kiswahili kwa kushughulikia maeneo teule yaliyopuzwa katika sarufi zilizotangulia.
Mpangilio wa kitabu
Kitabu hiki kina sura 20 katika sehemu nne. Sehemu ya kwanza ina sura moja ambayo inatoa maelezo ya jumla kuhusu yaliyomo kitabuni. Kwa muhtasari, sehemu hii huwasilisha mambo kadhaa ya awali ambayo yanakusudia kumsadia msomaji kuelewa kiurahisi taarifa muhimu zitakazowasilishwa katika sura zinazofuata. Kwanza, imewasilishwa lugha kienzo msingi ambayo inahusisha dhana za kisintaksia kama vile muundo viambajengo, aina za maneno, tungo za kisarufi, ngazi za kisarufi, tungo za kisintaksia, ngeli, upatanisho, hali, njeo, kauli za kitenzi na nyingine nyingi ambazo zitatumika kitabuni. Katika sehemu hii zimewasilishwa pia kauli chukulia za kinadharia ambazo hujumuisha viunzi nadharia vilivyotumika kama msingi wa kuteulia, kuwasilishia na kuelezea mada kitabuni humu. Nafasi na dhima ya kategoria za maneno katika taaluma ya sarufi ni baadhi ya mambo ambayo yamefafanuliwa katika kipengele cha kauli chukulia
Sehemu ya pili inajumuisha sura 8, yaani, sura ya 2 hadi 9 na inashughulikia kategoria za maneno ya Kiswahili. Hapa msisitizo umewekewa nomino na ngeli zake pamoja na vitenzi. Hapa pia kategoria ya vihusishi ambayo ilipuzwa sana katika sarufi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia imepewa nafasi inayostahili. Kwa muhtasari, Sehemu hii hufafanua na kujadili kwa kina kategoria za maneno ya Kiswahili. Hapa msisitizo umewekwa kwenye kategoria ya nomino na ngeli zake pamoja na ile ya vitenzi. Kategoria ya vihusishi ambayo imepuzwa sana katika sarufi za Kiswahili zilizotangulia imepewa nafasi inayostahili. Sehemu hii ina madhumuni mawili. Kwanza, sehemu hii inakusudia kuwawasilishia wanafunzi nguzo msingi za sintaksia ya Kiswahili, yaani kategoria saba za maneno. Pili, sehemu hii inakusudia kuwapatia wanafunzi lugha kienzo msingi ya kuwawezesha kuelewa, kufafanua na kujadili nyanja za msingi za sintaksia ya Kiswahili. Kategoria zote saba zimejadiliwa kiundani kwa utaratibu mpya. Kwa mfano, maelezo ya ngeli za nomino za Kiswahili yametolewa katika hatua nne. Kwanza, yamewasilishwa mapitio ya vigezo vilivyopo sasa vya kubainishia ngeli za nomino; pili vigezo hivyo vimehakikikiwa kwa kina na kugunduliwa kwamba vina mapungufu mengi makubwa. Tatu, kimewasilishwa na kutumiwa kigezo mbadala cha kubainishia ngeli za nomino za Kiswahili. Matokeo ya kutumia kigezo hicho ni mwainisho mbadala wa ngeli 11 zilizopenedkezwa. Nne, ngeli 11 za nomino zilizopendekezwa zimefafanuliwa kiundani kwa kuzingatia sifa za kila ngeli ya nomino kutokana na kigezo mbadala. Kwa ujumla, utaratibu huu wa kuhakiki ufafanuzi wa sarufi zilizotangulia umefuatwa katika kueleza kategoria nyingine za maneno ya Kiswahili.
Sehemu ya tatu inajumuisha sura 6, yaani, sura ya 10 hadi 15 ambazo hushughulikia nyanja teule za muundo viambajengo. Sura ya 10 hadi 11 hutoa maelezo ya nyaja za muundo viambajengo wa virai. Muundo viambajengo wa vishazi umelezwa katika sura 12 hadi 13. Sura ya 14 inaeleza muundo viambajengo wa kikategoria wa sentensi. Muundo viambajengo wa kiuamilifu umelezwa katika sura ya 15. Katika sura hizi mbili, yaani, sura ya 14 na ya 15, msisitizo umewekwa kwenye maelezo ya taratibu za kuwakilishia muundo viambajengo..
Sehemu ya nne inashughulikia nyanja teule za daraja la juu kuhusu muundo viambajengo wa kisintaksia na inajumuisha sura tano , yaani sura ya 16 hadi 20. Sura ya 16 inatoa maelezo ya jumla kuhusu sentensi changamani. Tofauti na mtazamo wa kimapokeo, sentensi ambatani kitabuni humu zimechukuliwa kujumuisha aina mojawapo ya sentensi changamani na zimeelezwa na kuchanganuliwa katika sura ya 17. Sura ya 18 inashughulikia sifa za sentensi bebwa rejeshi na sentensi bebwa husishi kama viambajengo vya sentensi changamani aina 2A-2B. Sura ya 19 inashughulikia sifa za sentensi bebwa nomino kama viambajedngo vya sentensi changamani aina SC-3A. Sura ya 20 inashughulikia sentensi bebwa nomino maarufu kwa jina vishazi vielezi kama viambajengo vya sentensi changamani aina SC-3B
Inafaa kutaja hapa kwamba kitabu hiki ni matokeo ya kukiandika upya kitabu changu: Kozi Tangulizi katika Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili (Wesana-Chomi, 2007). Kitabu hicho kimefanyiwa marekebisho makubwa; hapa nitataja tu baadhi ya marekebisho hayo. Kwanza, jina la kitabu limebadilishwa na kuitwa Muundo Viambajengo wa Kisintaksia ili kuakisi yaliyomo ya toleo jipya. Pili, kitabu kimepanuliwa kujumuisha mambo ambayo hayakushughulikiwa katika kitabu cha awali. Matokeo yake ni sura 20 za kitabu hiki. Tatu, mpangilio wa kitabu hiki unatofautiana na ule wa kitabu cha awali. Nne, ingawa kila sura inashughulikia nyanja kadhaa za muundo viambajengo wa sentensi, wakati wote nimezingatia kwamba sura zote za kitabu hukamilishana. Kwa ujumla, nimejaribu kutoa kitangulizi kikamilifu cha sintaksia ya Kiswahili kadri nilivyoweza.
Mwl Maeda
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MIUNDO YA VIAMBAJENGO VYA SENTENSI ZA KISWAHILI - by MwlMaeda - 11-28-2021, 06:24 PM

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