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Vigezo vinavyotumika kuainisha sauti ya kifonetiki na sifa zake

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Vigezo vinavyotumika kuainisha sauti ya kifonetiki na sifa zake
#1
SWALI : Vigezo vipi vya msingi hutumika kuainisha sauti ya kifonetiki mpaka kufikia kubainishia sifa zake pambanuzi.
UTANGULIZI
Fonetiki ni tawi la isimu ambalo hujishughulisha na uchunguzi na uchambuzi wa taratibu zote zinazohusiana na utoaji, utamkaji, usafirishaji, usikiaji na ufasili wa sauti za lugha za binadamu kwa jumla. Sauti  za kifonetiki huainishwa kwa vigezo mbalimbali ambavyo huzalisha sifa bainifu za kifonetiki. Sifa za sauti kifonetiki ni sifa za zinazoweza kuitofautisha sauti moja kutokana na sauti nyingine kwa kutumia vigezo vya kifonetiki. Sauti za kifonetiki (foni) huainishwa kwa kuzingatia sifa mbalimbali bainifu kama zifuatazo
KIINI
Vigezo vitumikavyo kubainisha konsonanti na irabu za Kiswahili  ni kama vifuatavyo:
Kwanza, kigezo cha namna ya kutamka, namna ya kutamka Kwa kuzingatia kigezo hiki konsonanti zimegawanyika katika makundi kama vile: Vipasuo: Sauti za vipasuo ambavyo hutamkwa wakati mkondo wa hewa unapozuiwa na hewa kuachiwa ghafla kisha kuzalisha sauti zenye msikiko kama mlipuko fulani
Pili, kigezo cha mahali pa kutamkia , kwa kuzingatia kigezo hiki konsonanti zimegawanyika katika makundi kama vile nazali za midomo, ufizi,mdomo meno,meno na midomo.
Tatu,kigezo cha mkondo wa hewa, Mkondo hewa kutoka mapafuni waweza kupititia katika chemba ya kinywani au ya puani. Kinachosababisha hali hii ni kilimi. Kilimi chaweza ama kuteremka chini kuelekea shina la ulimi na kuruhusu hewa kupita puani au kuinuliwa juu kuelekea upande wa juu wa ukuta wa koo na kuruhusu hewa kupita kinywani. Sauti inayotamkwa huku mkondo wa hewa ukipita puani huitwa sauti  nazali. Mfumo huu wa upokeaji wa sauti wakati mkondo wa hewa unapita puani huitwa Ung’ong’o.
Nne, kigezo cha hali ya glota,  Katika koromeo au glota kuna kitu kinaitwa nyuzi sauti. Nyuzi sauti ni nyama laini zilizoko katika koromeo ambazo zinauwazi katikati unaoruhusu mkondo wa hewa kutoka nje na ndani ya kifua. Nyuzi hizo huwa katika nafasi za aina mbili wakati hewa inapopita. Kuna wakati nyuzi hizo zinakaribiana au kuwa pamoja na wakati mwingine zinakuwa zimeachana. Hewa inapotoka ndani ya mapafu kuja nje kupitia kwenye pango la kinywa au la pua nyuzi hizo zikiwa zimekaribiana au kuwa pamoja, nyuzi hizo husukumwa na kutetemeka.Sauti zinazotolewa wakati huo huwa na mghuno na huitwa sauti ghuna. Zikiwa nyuzi hizi zimeachana, hewa hupita kwa urahisi bila kuzuiliwa, na hivyo hazikwami na kusababisha sauti zinazotolewa kutokuwa na mghuno
Kutokana na vigezo hivyo tunapata sifa zifuatazo kwa konsonanti:
·       Sifa ya kwanza ni midomo: Mkondo hewa unapozuiwa kwa kubana mdomo wa chini na mdomo wa juu kisha ikaachia au ikabanwa kwa kuviringwa huku ikiwa imeacha upenyo kidogo huwezesha sauti kadhaa hutolewa.
·       Sifa ya pili ni midomo-meno: Sifa hii inahusu utamkaji wa sauti ambao kwao meno ya juu, ambayo ni alatuli,hugusana na mdomo wa chini, ambao ni alasogezi, na wakati huohuo hewa inaruhusiwa kupita kwa kukwamizwakwamizwa katikati ya meno.
·       Sifa ya tatu ni ya meno: Sauti hizi hutamkwa kwa ncha ya ulimi ikiwekwa katikati ya meno ya juu na ya chini.
·       Sifa ya nne ni ya ufizi: Sauti hizi zinapotolewa, ncha ya ulimi hugusana na ufizi.
·       Sifa ya tano ni ya kaakaa gumu: Sifa hii inahusu utamkaji wa sauti ambapo ulimi hufanya kazi ya ala sogezi. Ulimi hugusana na kaakaa gumu ambalo ndiyo alatuli.
·       Sifa ya sita ni ya kaakaa laini: Sifa hii huhusu utamkaji wa sauti ambao huandamana na sehemu ya nyuma ya ulimi, ambayo ni alasogezi, kugusa kaakaa laini, ambalo ni alatuli.
Vigezo vitumikavyo kubainisha irabu mbalimbali, irabu hupangwa kutokana na vigezo vitatu:
Sauti irabu huainishwa kwa vigezo vifuatavyo:
 Kwanza ni kigezo cha mwinuko wa ulimi: hapa tunaangalia ulimi umeinuka kiasi gani. Ulimi unaweza kuinuka juu kabisa, juu kiasi au kulala chini kabisa.
Pili ni kigezo cha sehemu ya ulimi iliyoinuka, hapa tunaangalia ulimi umeinuka sehemu gani wakati wa kutamka sauti irabu, kwa mfano ulimi huweza kuinuka mbele, au nyuma
Tatu ni kigezo cha umbo la midomo,wakati wa kutamka sauti irabu midomo huweza kuwa na umbo la mviringo(duara) au mtandazwa.
Kwa vigezo hivyo tunapata sifa zifuatazo za kifonetiki za kuainishia irabu:
•        Sifa ya ujuu,ujuu kiasi au uchini
•        Sifa ya umbele na unyuma
•        Sifa ya umviringo au mtandawza
HITIMISHO
Kwa ujumla sifa za kuainishia sauti kifonetiki ni matokeo ya vigezo vya kifonetiki ambavyo huweka bayana sifa mahususi kwa kila sauti ya kifonetiki.
Mwl Maeda
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Vigezo vinavyotumika kuainisha sauti ya kifonetiki na sifa zake - by MwlMaeda - 09-02-2021, 05:38 PM

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