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NADHARIA YA UDENGUZI KATIKA TAMTHILIYA ZA KISWAHILI

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NADHARIA YA UDENGUZI KATIKA TAMTHILIYA ZA KISWAHILI
#1
Wahusika ni kitu muhimu katika kazi yoyote ya kifasihi, kwani ndio wanaosukuma mbele kazi ya kifasihi. Wataalamu mbalimbali wamezungumzia kwa namna tofauti maana na ujitokezaji wa wahusika wa kazi ya fasihi. Hii ni toka enzi za Ugiriki ya kale hadi katika fasihi ya kiswahili.
Mulokozi (1996) anasema hadithi ya tamthilia husonga mbele kwa njia ya vitendo na mazungumzo ya wahusika. Hivyo anaonesha bila wahusika hata mazungumzo hayatakuwepo.
Brecht (1898-1956) aliibua kanuni ya ukengeushi ambayo aliitumia kukengeuka kanuni za Kiaristotle. Moja kati ya ukengeushi wake ulikuwa ni katika kipengele cha wahusika. Ambapo kwa Aristotle mhusika mkuu katika Tanzia alikuwa ni lazima atoke tabaka la juu, lakini kwa Brecht haikuwa lazima kwa mhusika kutoka tabaka la juu. Lengo la Brecht lilikuwa kuonesha kuwa hata tabaka la chini linaweza kuleta mabadiliko katika jamii. Kanuni/dhana hii ya Brecht inalandana na nadharia ya udenguzi/ujenguzi.
Udenguzi ni nadharia ya kihakiki iliyoanzishwa na mwanafalsafa wa Kifaransa Jacques Darrida (1973), ambapo anasema ujuzi na maarifa si vitu vinavyoweza kueleweka moja kwa moja, katika matini yoyote ile ujuzi hutumika katika kuunda matini hiyo, kwa kuwa ujuzi si kitu kinachoweza kueleweka moja kwa moja hupelekea kuonekana kwamba ujuzi na maarifa kuwa ni kitu kisichoshikika yaani chenye utelezi. Hivyo hata tafsiri ya matini kwa wahakiki haiwezi kuelezwa kwa namna moja, kila mtu ataieleza kwa namna yake hii ina maana kwamba, maana zinaweza zikaendana au zikapingana.
Miller (1976) anasema udenguzi ni juhudi ya kufikia nguvu na uwezo wa matini kama chombo kinachoweza kujifafanua.
Rorty (1995) anasema udenguzi ni ukiushi wa kaida wa matini, ukiushi huu utokeapo kwa amara ya kwanza huonekana kama ni usaliti, lakini utokeaji wa ukiushi si ajali bali hukusudia kufikisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa. Maelezo hayo ya Rorty yanatupa picha halisi ya mabadiliko yanayoweza kutokea katika uundaji wa matini. Mfano uundaji wa mashairi ya Kiswahili hapo mwanzo ulikuwa ukifuata urari wa vina na mizani lakini baadaye yakaibuka mashairi ya kisasa ambapo wanajadi waliona kuwa ni usaliti wa ushairi wa Kiswahili. Vilevile maelezo hayo yanatupa mwanga wa kuelewa kuwa katika matini udenguzi utokeapo unakuwa na lengo la kujifafanua zaidi.
Kutokana na maelezo hayo ndipo Wafula na Njogu (2007) waliposema kwamba kutokana na udenguzi hakuna toleo la mwisho la kazi ya fasihi. Hii ndio inayofanya wahakiki kutoa fasili tofauti tofauti za jambo moja fasili hizo zaweza kufanana au kutofautiana. Kwa hiyo udenguzi unaweza kuboresha matini au kuumba upya kwa lengo la kukidhi upya mahitaji ya jamii kama ilivyokuwa kwa nadharia ya ukengeushi ya Brecht. Nadharia hii tutaitumia kuhakiki ujiotokezaji wa wahusika katika tamthiliya za Kiswahili.
Semzaba (1997) anasema Wahusika ni tabia zinazopambanua mhusika mmoja na mwingine. Wahusika ndio nyenzo muhimu inayosababisha mtiririko wa matukio. Mhusika huonyeshwa na mwandishi kwa maneno pamoja na matendo. Kwa kuwa tamthilia ni utungo ulioandikwa wahusika hutofautiana kwa mambo manne; kwa mujibu wa Semzaba.
(i) Maumbile kama vile jinsia, umri, tambo, rangi nk. Pia hutofautiana dini, kiuchumi nk.
(ii) Wahusika wasiobadilika (bapa) wanaobadilika (duara)
(iii) Wahusika ishara
(iv) Wahusika foili: Hujenga wahusika wakuu.
Mulokozi (1996) Ametaja aina za wahusika wa tamthiliya; kuna
Wahusika wakuu
(i) Mbabe /nguli
(ii) Mkinzani
(iii) Muwi (muovi)
Wahusika wadogo
(i) Mfoili
(ii) Msimamizi
(iii) Chizi
Wahusika hawa walioorodheshwa ni kutokana na uainishaji wa tamthiliya za kimagharibi.
Tamthilia kwa upande wa fasihi ya Kiswahili zilifuata baadae, hivyo ujitokezaji wa wahusika ukawa tofauti hasa baada ya kuingiza Uafrika (upya) katika sanaa hizi. Hata kama aina ya mhusika ni ile ya Kimagharibi (Mfano msimulizi wa chizi) lakini ujitokezaji wake ukaanza kuwa wa Kiafrika zaidi hapa ndipo tukaona udenguzi unatokea, udenguzi huu hautokei kama ajali bali umelenga kuboresha na kuhifanya tamthilia iendane na mazingira halisi ya fasihi ya Kiswahili, Katika tamthilia ya Mkutano wa Pili wa Ndege ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi ni katika matumizi ya wahusika wa kifasihi simulizi. Mwandishi ametumia wahusika wa kifasihi simulizi ambao ni ndege na wanyama, katika tamthilia. Mfano katika (uk.14–15) mwandishi anasema: Tausi: enyi wa mashariki Poleeni Ogeleeni Chiriku: ko ko likoo! ooooh! Magharibi sisahau Wahusika hawa (ndege na wanyama) hutumiwa sana katika fasihi simulizi, hivyo mwandishi amedengua ujitokezaji wa wahusika si binadamu pekee katika tamthilia za Kiswahili kuna wahusika wasio binadamu. Pia katika tamthiliya ya Jogoo Kijijini na Ngano ya Jadi ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi ni katika matumizi ya wahusika wa kifasihi simulizi. Mwandishi amemtumia mhusika Joka akaliita sesota, kiishara kuwakilisha ukoloni na jinsi ukoloni huu ulivyokomaa, akalipa joka hilo vichwa sabini, kuonyesha kiasi gani unavyoziathiri nchi za Kiafrika. Mfano: Katika (uk.21) mwandishi anasema Kwani Likuwa tabia makini Killa mwaka ukibaini Joka hushuka kijijini Kuchukua mali na binti mwema mmoja. Matumizi ya joka ni udenguzi. Pia katika tamthilia ya Nguzo Mama, ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi ni kupitia mhusika Chizi. Chizi kama inavyoaminika katika jamii ni mtu asiyeweza kuongea neno la maana, lakini katika tamthilia hii mwandishi amemtumia mhusika huyu na kumwonyesha akieleza kitu cha msingi na muhimu. Mwandishi anasema: Chizi: Nani anapendeza? Waoneni watu hawa Hawapendi demokrasia Nikisema yote mie Wananiita mie chizi Chizi mie au nyie (uk. 29 – 31) Pia katika tamthilia hiyo hiyo ya Nguzo Mama ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi ni katika majina ya wahusika. Mwandishi amewapa wahusika wake majina kwa kuanzia na Bi Moja – Bi Nane. nk. Majina hayo yote huashiria uhusika na kifasihi simulizi, kwa kuwa katika hadithi nyingi za Kifasihi simulizi, huanza hivi. ”Hapa zamani za kale, palikuwa na baba mmoja na mama mmoja.” Hivyo mwandishi huyu ametumia majina ya kiidadi au kinamba ambayo ni majina pia ya wahusika wa kifasihi simulizi katika tamthiliya ya Heshima Yangu ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi umejitokeza kupitia mhusika Mzee Issa. Mhusika huyo anadai heshima ambayo yeye mwenyewe hajailinda heshima hiyo kwa kuzaa nje ya ndoa na kuificha siri hiyo ya kuwa na mtoto nje ya ndoa yake. Mzee Issa alimkataa Salum toka akiwa tumboni mwa mama yake, na kisa kutomjua baba yake hadi ukubwani alipotaka kumuoa Rukia, ndipo anapoambiwa kuwa ni dada yake. Mwandishi anaonyesha kuwa kuheshimiwa si kwa vile una umri mkubwa tu bali pia matendo yako yanaweza kukuvunjia heshima hata kama una umri mkubwa. Mwandishi anasema: Rukia (anasogea mbali na nyumba, anawaza kwa huzuni). “Heshima yangu, heshima yangu” (Kimya kwa muda) Ni heshima gani ipatikanayo katika kumkatalia Salum kijana mzuri, mwenye tabia nzuri na moyo wa imani, eti kwa sababu ni mwana haramu? Ni kosa…..(uk. 10)” Pia katika tamthiliya ya Mashetani ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi unajitokeza kupitia wahusika wake Juma na Kitaru. Mwandishi katika tamthilia hii amedengua ujitokezaji wao kutoka kufikia hali ya kuwa na majina yao ya Juma na Kitaru hadi kwenye uhusika wa kishetani na kibinadamu. Mwandishi ameonesha udenguzi wa wahusika kwani si hali ya kawaida kwa wahusika kuchorwa hivyo, Mfano:- Muhusika katika tamthilia akichorwa kama baba, basi atakuwa baba hadi mwisho wa tamthilia hiyo. Pia katika tamthiliya ya Kivuli Kinaishi ujitokezaji wa uhusika kiudenguzi unajitokeza kupitia mhusika Bi Kirembwe, ambaye ni mhusika mwanamke lakini amechorwa kitofauti na wahusika wengine wanawake wanavyochorwa katika baadhi ya kazi za Fasihi. Mhusika huyu amechorwa kama mtawala na mwenye amri na sauti yakuwatisha hadi wanaume. Hii ni tofauti kwa uchoraji wa wahusika wa kike katika tamthilia nyingi, ambazo huwachora katika daraja la chini, duni na kukandamizwa. Mfano Martha katika tamthiliya ya Kwenye Ukingo wa Thim, amechorwa ni mwanamke anayekwenda na wakati lakini anakandamizwa na mfumo mzima wa jamii yake kwa kuonyeshwa akipokonywa mali zote baada ya mume wake kufariki. Pia katika tamthiliya ya Aliyeonja Pepo ujitokezaji wa uhusika kiudenguzi ni katika matumizi ya wahusika wakifikirika au wa kiimani, ijapokuwa suala hili limejitokeza pia katika riwaya za Kusadikika na Kufikirika lakini katika tamthilia hizi mwandishi amekwenda mbali zaidi kwa kutumia usawiri wa pepo na uhusika wa kiimani zaidi kuwakilisha mambo yaliyopo au yanayotendeka duniani na si nchi ya kidhahania kama alivyofanya Shaaban Robert katika riwaya zake za Kufikirika na Kusadikika. Mwandishi wa aliyeonja pepo ametumia wahusika kama malaika Ziraili, Sirafili, Jaburili na wengine ambao huamini ni malaika au pepo kuwakilisha mambo mbalimbali yanayotendeka duniani. Mfano: Mwandishi anasema: Ziraili: Wapi? Jiburili: Huko ambako wewe bado hajajishughulisha nako Huko………..(uk.3). Katika tamthiliya ya Lina Ubani ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi ni kupitia mhusika Bibi ambaye anajitokeza mwanzo kabisa mwa tamthilia kwa kuimba. Jambo ambalo ni udenguzi wa kimuundo wa ujenzi wa tamthilia kwa kufuata misingi ya Kiaristotle, ambao kimuundo anasisitiza wimbo katika tamthilia uwe mwishoni na si mwanzoni mwa tamthilia kama alivyofanya mwandishi Penina Mhando katika tamthilia hii katika ukurasa wa kwanza, mwandishi anatuonesha mhusika Bibi amekaa analia kwa kuimba na kuombeleza. Bibi: Ing’oma ili sikuidaha doo ae Woidoo ae ya Nime mwitunda dya mele do Pia katika tamthiliya hiyo hiyo ya Lina Ubani ujitokezaji wa uhusika kiudenguzi unajitokeza kupitia mhusika Mwanahego. Mwandishi amemchora mhusika huyo kama mlevi lakini anaongea na kubishana na sauti mambo yenye maana, tofauti na walevi walivyozoeleka katika jamii, kwamba ni watu wasioweza kuchangia au kuongea mambo ya msingi katika jamii. Mwandishi anasema; Mwanahego: Umoja na mke wamo mnajifunika wote shuka moja Mwanahego na wewe tutakutana wapi ndipo tuwe na umoja……. wewe juu ya kilima, mimi bondeni…..(Uk.46). Pia katika tamthiliya ya Morani ujitokezaji wa wahusika kiudenguzi umejitokeza kupitia mhusika Jalia ambao ni mhusika wa kike ambaye mwandishi amedengua kwa kuonyesha asishiriki bega kwa bega na katika kampeni za kuwakamata wahujumu uchumi Jalia anashirikiana na mwenzake katika kampeni hiyo na kuonyesha msimamo wa hali ya juu, na ushupavu wa wanawake katika ukurasa wa 17 mwandishi anasema: Jalia: Na njia ya kuuzima moto ni kuwasha moto; moto mkali zaidi. Hivyo ndiyo hatua kamili. Kwa kuhitimisha nadharia ya Udenguzi na mawazo ya Brecht katika kuwachora wahusika yanalenga katika kuleta upya wa fikra kwa watazamaji na wasomaji wa tamthilia. 
Mwl Maeda
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