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DHANA YA SILABI, AINA NA MIUNDO YAKE

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DHANA YA SILABI, AINA NA MIUNDO YAKE
#1
DHANA YA SILABI NA AINA ZAKE
Utangulizi
Jumanne, (2014) Silabi ni kipashio cha kifonolojia kinachohusu matamshi ambacho kwacho sauti za lugha hutamkwa mara moja na kwa pamoja kama fungu moja la sauti.
Feng Shengli, (2003) Silabi ni mpangilio wa fungu la sauti za kutamkwa.
David Crystal, (2003) Silabi ni sauti moja au zaidi inayowakilisha kifungu kimoja cha sauti katika lugha.
Massamba na wenzake, (2004) Silabi ni sehemu ya neno ambayo huweza kutamkwa mara moja na kwa pamoja kama fungu moja la sauti. Maelezo haya yanamaana kwamba maneno ya lugha hutamkwa katika utaratibu wa kufuata silabi.
Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu (Toleo la pili, 2004-2005) Inasema kuwa silabi ni sehemu ya neno inayoundwa na konsonanti na irabu au irabu peke yake na kutamkwa kwa pamoja kama fungu moja la sauti. Kwa mfano, “i” na “ta” katika neno “ita” ni silabi mbili tofauti.
Hivyo basi kwa kuangalia maana zilizotolewa na wataalamu mbalimbali tunaweza kuhitimisha kwa kusema kuwa, silabi ni kipashio cha kifonolojia ambacho sauti au fungu la sauti linalojitosheleza kimatamshi, ambacho hutamkwa mara moja na kwa pamoja.
                              AINA ZA SILABI
Kwa mujibu wa Massamba (2004), kuna aina mbili za silabi ambazo ni;
  1. Silabi huru.
  2. Silabi funge.
SILABI HURU
Ni silabi ambazo huishia na irabu. Kwa mfano silabi hizo ni “ka, da, ba, cha na nyingine nyingi. Kimsingi maneno yote ya lugha ya Kiswahili sanifu ambayo yana asili ya kibantu huundwa kwa silabi huru.
Kwa mfano maneno kama vile;
Mama—&ma&ma&.
Baba—&ba&ba&.
Mimina—&mi&mi&na&.
Sukuma—&su&ku&ma&.
Mageuzi—&ma&ge&u&zi&.
Usafiri—&u&sa&fi&&ri&.
                                      SILABI FUNGE
Ni silabi zinazoishia na konsonanti ambapo katika lugha ya Kiswahili ni nadra kuzipata maana lugha hii hutumia silabi huru. Silabi funge zimetokana na maneno yaliyokopwa kutoka lugha nyingine za kigeni. Kwa mfano neno Rais &ra&i&s& ni neno lenye silabi funge kwa sababu linaishia na konsonanti “s”.
                   MIUNDO YA SILABI KATIKA LUGHA YA KISWAHILI
Kwa mujibu wa Kihore (2003), katika lugha ya Kiswahili kuna miundo mbalimbali ya silabi, kwanza kabisa kuna miundo ya silabi zinazotokana na lugha za kibantu ambayo ni kama ifuatavyo;
  1. Muundo wa irabu peke yake. (I).
Mifano;
Ua—&u&a&.
Oa—&o&a&.
Oga—&o&ga&.
Anga—&a&nga&.
Onyesha—&o&nye&sha&.
  1. Muundo wa silabi konsonanti na irabu. (KI).
Mifano;
Kama—&ka&ma&.
Baba—&ba&ba&.
Konsonanti—&ko&nso&na&nti&.
Jema—&je&ma&
Paka—&pa&ka&.
  1. Muundo wa silabi ya konsonanti, kiyeyusho na irabu. (KKI).
Mifano;
Fyeka—&fye&ka&.
Bweka—&bwe&ka&.
Bwawa—&bwa&wa&.
Fyatua—&fya&tu&a&.
Kwako—&kwa&ko&.
  1. Muundo wa silabi ya nazali peke yake.
Mifano;
Nne—&n&ne&.
Nchi—&n&chi&.
Mtu—&m&tu&.
Mti—&m&ti&.
Mkufu—&m&ku&fu&.
Mganga—&m&ga&nga&.
  1. Muundo wa silabi wa konsonanti, konsonanti na irabu. (KKI), katjika muundo huu wa silabi konsonanti ya mwanzo huwa ni vitamkwa nazali [m] na [n].
Mifano;
Ngamia—&nga&mi&a&.
Ndama—&nda&ma&.
Mbuzi—&mbu&zi&.
Mbuga—&mbu&ga&.
  1. Muundo wa silabi wa konsonanti, konsonanti, kiyeyusho na irabu. (KKKI).
Mifano;
Jangwa—&ja&ngwa&.
Ugonjwa—&u&go&njwa&.
Dundwa—&du&ndwa&.
Mbwa—&mbwa&.
Kwa mujibu wa Samwel, M (2009), Miundo ya silabi za Kiswahili zinazotokana na maneno ya lugha za kigeni ni pamoja na;
  • Muundo wa konsonanti, konsonanti na irabu. (KKI), muundo huu ni tofauti na muundo uliotangulia kwani muundo huu unahusisha tu konsonanti zisizokuwa nazali.
Mifano;
Labda (Kiajemi)—&la&bda&.
Stoo (Kiingereza)—&sto&o&.
Sekta (Kiingereza)—&se&kta&.
Daftari (Kiarabu)—&da&fta&ri&.
Kabla (Kiarabu)—&ka&bla&.
  • Muundo wa silabi wa konsonanti, konsonanti, konsonanti na irabu. (KKKI), muundo huu nao unajitokeza katika lugha ya Kiswahili sanifu kutokana na maneno ya mkopo kutoka lugha ya kiingereza.
Mifano;
Springi—&spri&ngi&.
Skrubu—&skru&&bu&.
  • Muundo wa silabi wa konsonanti, irabu na konsonanti. Kuna maneno yenye asili ya kigeni katika lugha ya Kiswahili sanifu ambayo yana silabi funge na yana muundo wa konsonanti, irabu na konsonanti. (KIK).
Mifano;
Maktaba—&mak&ta&ba&.
Muktadha—&muk&ta&dha&.
Bakshishi—&bak&shi&shi&.
Maksi—&mak&si&.
Leksia—&lek&si&a&.
  • Muundo wa silabi ya irabu na konsonanti. (IK).
Mifano;
Oksijeni—&ok&si&je&ni&.
Inspekta—&in&spek&ta&.
  • Muundo wa silabi wa konsonanti, konsonanti, irabu na konsonanti. (KKIK).
Mifano;
Trekta—&trek&ta&.
Inspekta—&in&spek&ta&.
MAREJEO
Crystal D, (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: Blackwell.
 Shengli F, (2003) A prosodic grammar of Chinese: University of Kansas.
Kihore Y.M na wenzake (2003) Sarufi maumbo ya Kiswahili sanifu sekondari na vyuo: Dar-es-Salaam
Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu (Toleo la pili 2004-2005). Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Massamba na wenzake (2004) Fonolojia ya Kiswahili sanifu (FOKISA) Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili Dar es Salaam Tz
Massamba na wenzake (2009) SARUFI MAUMBO YA KISWAHILI SANIFU (SAMAKISA) Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili: Dar es Salaam Tz
Samwel M. (2009) Kozi tangulizi ya fonolojia na sintaksia ya kiswahili: (DUCE) Dar es Salaam
Mwl Maeda
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