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Fonimu na Alofoni

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Fonimu na Alofoni
#1
Fonimu na Alofoni
Hapo juu tumetofautisha kati ya sauti-msingi na zile ambazo si za msingi. Sauti-msingi ni zile ambazo wazungumzaji wanaziona kuwa zinatenganisha maneno ya lugha yao, tofauti na zile ambazo, ingawa wanaweza kuzitamka wakipenda, hawazioni kuwa zina umuhimu katika kuunda maneno ya lugha yao. Hizi sauti-msingi huitwa fonimu. Katika sura iliyotangulia tumesema kuwa sauti yoyote inayotolewa na viungo-sauti vya mwanadamu inaitwa foni, na tukaangalia jinsi foni zinavyochunguzwa na kupewa sit’a zao za kifonetiki, bila kujali zinatokea katika lugha gani, au zinatymika vipi. Lakini foni zikishachukuliwa na kutumiwa katika lugha fulani kuunda na kutofautisha maneno ya lugha hiyo, zinaingia katlka utaratibu wa mfumo-sauti wa lugha hiyo na kuwa fonimu za lugha hiyo. Hivyo, wakati ambapo foni ni vitamkwa halisi vinavyoweza kupimwa kiuchunguzi (yaani kifonetiki), fonimu ni vipashio vya mwanafonolojia vinavyomwezesha kujadili mfumo-sauti wa lugha maalumu.
Katika mifano tuliyotoa mwanzo, tumeona kuwa Kiswahili kinaweka tofauti za msingi kati ya [t] na [d]; kwa hiyo tunasema kuwa sauti hizo ni fonimu katika Kiswahili na kuziweka katika mabano mshazari /t/, /d/. Wakati huo huo tulisema kuwa matamshi tofauti ya /t/ hayatiliwi maanani na wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili, na hivyo fonimu hiyo inaweza kutamkwa na mpumuo [th] au bila mpumuo [t], bila kuathiri usikivu kwa vile sauti hizo hazitumiki kutofautisha maneno ya lugha hiyo.
Kwa upande mwingine tulisema kuwa ikiwa lugha tunayoichunguza ni Kipemba, hadhi ya sauti hizo hapo juu itakuwa tofauti. Katika lugha hiyo, kutokana na mifano tuliyotoa, /t/ na /th/ ni fonimu tofauti. Vivyo bivyo katika lugha ya Kithai ya Thailand, /t/ na /th/ ni fonimu mbili tofauti kwa sababu sauti hizo zmatofautisha maneno katika lugha hiyo:
a) [tam] (kutwanga)
b) [tham] (kufanya)
Katika kujumuisha hayo yaliyosemwa hapo juu, tunasema kuwa mpumuo si sifa bainifu katika vipasuo vya Kiswahili, lakini ni sifa bainifu katika lugha za Kipemba na Kithai.
Katika lugha ya Kiingereza, mpumuo una hadhi tofauti. Katika maneno yafuatayo, sauti [t] inatamkwa kwa namna ya pekee katika kila neno:-
a) {till} inatamkwa [thil]
b) {still} inatamkwa [stil]
Katika neno la kwanza, sauti ya kwanza ni kipasuo sighuna cba ufizi pumuo {th], ambapo katika neno la pili, sauti ya pili ni kipasuo sighuna cha ufizi sipumuo [t]. Lakini tukichugnuza mazingira sauti hizo zinamotokea katika maneno hayo, tunagundua kuwa [th] inatokea mwanzoni mwa neno, ambapo [t] inafuata sauti konsonanti nyingine (hapa sauti hiyo ni [s]). Mazingira haya hayaingiliani katika lugha hii, yaani sauti [t] haiwezi kutokea mwanzoni mwa neno, na sauti [th] haiwezi kutokea baada ya sauti [s]. Tofauti kubwa kati ya hadhi ya sauti hizi na zile za Kipemba na Kithai ni kwamba, katika Kiingereza sauti [t] na [th] bazitumiki kutofautisha maneno katika lugha biyo, bali wazungumzaji wanajua ni wapi watumie moja na wapi watumie nyingine. Ikiwa, kwa mfano, mzungumzaji atatamka neno {till} kama [til] na neno {still} kama [sthil], wazungumzaji wazawa wa Kiingereza watajua kuwa huyu ni mgeni wa lugha yao, na bado hajamudu sawasawa matamshi ya lugha yao; lakini watamwelewa ingawa watamsahihisha. Tunasema basi kuwa, katika Kiingereza, sauti [t] na [th] ni matamshi tofauti ya fonimu moja /t/, na hivyo sauti hizo ni alofoni za fonimu hiyo moja.
Katika mifano hii michache, mambo kadhaa yanajitokeza kuhusu sauti zinavyotumika katika lugha tofauti:
(i) Lugha ya Kiswahili inayo fonimu moja /t/ ambayo inajumuisha matamshi yote ya sauti zenye sifa za kipasuo sighuna cha ufizi.
(ii) Lugha za Kipemba na Kithai, kila moja inazo fonimu mbili zenye sifa za kipasuo sighuna cha ufizi, /t/ na /th/ ambazo zinatofautishwa na kutokuwepo au kuwepo kwa sifa ya mpwnuo.
(iii) Lugha ya Kiingereza inayo fonimu moja /t/ yenye sifa za kipasuo sighuna cha ufizi, ambayo ina alofoni mbili [t] na [th] ambazo utokeaji wao (yaani matamshi yao) unategemea kanuni maalumu za mazingira zinamotokea katika neno.
Bila shaka sasa inaeleweka vizuri kwa nini wanafonolojia wanasema kuwa kila lugha ya wanadamu inachota kutoka hazina moja ya sauti zinazotolewa na viungo-sauti vya mwanadamu; lakini kuwa kila moja inafanya uchaguzi tofauti. Na hata ikitokea kuwa lugha mbili zinachagua sauti zenye sifa za kifonetiki zinazofanana, kunaweza kuwa na tofayti katika jinsi sauti hizo zinavyotumika katika mifumo-sauti ya’lugha hizo. Katika sehemu ya 3.4. tutaangalia kwa undani zaidi jinsi mlfumo-sauti ya lugha mbalimbali inavyofanana na kutofautiana. Lakini kwanza ni muhimu tuchambue zaidi hii dhana ya fonimu.
Mwl Maeda
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