MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
MyBB Internal: One or more warnings occurred. Please contact your administrator for assistance.
Waandishi wa zama zetu na dhana ya ‘kuiafrikanisha’ fasihi ya Afrika

Thread Rating:
  • 0 Vote(s) - 0 Average
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
Waandishi wa zama zetu na dhana ya ‘kuiafrikanisha’ fasihi ya Afrika
#1
Boris Boubacar Diop ana msimamo kuwa: “huwezi kuwa wa kimataifa kama huna uthubutu wa kuwa wa kwenu”, lakini Patrick Mudekereza anasema katika maeneo mengi barani Afrika ukweli ni kuwa waandishi wanafikiri kwa lugha za kigeni kukiwemo kwao, Kongo, na Nuruddin Farahanasema kilichomfanya kuelekea kwenye uandishi wa Kiingereza ni kuwa lugha yake ya Kisomali haikuwa na hati za maandishi yake yenyewe.
Wote hawa ni waandishi mashuhuri wa fasihi ya Kiafrika, ambao wameandika sehemu kubwa ya kazi zao kwa kutumia lugha za kigeni, hasa Kifaransa na Kiingereza, jambo ambalo bado – kwa wengi – ni dalili ya doa kwenye utukufu wa bara la Afrika, ambalo lina lugha zake lenyewe zinazokisiwa kufikia 2000.
Lakini je, kuna haja ya ‘kuiafrikanisha’ fasihi ya Kiafrika, kwa maana ya kusimulia na kuandika kazi za kifasihi kwa kutumia lugha halisi za Kiafrika? Na, hata pale panapoonekana haja hiyo, je upo uwezekano wa kufanya hivyo katika ulimwengu huu unaoitwa wa utandawazi, ambapo lugha zinazoitwa za kimataifa zinajilazimisha zenyewe kuwa ndizo nyenzo za maisha ya  walimwengu wote? Kwani matumizi ya lugha za kigeni kusimulia hekaya za Kiafrika zinamtenga mwandishi mbali na hadhira yake?
[/url]
[Image: dsc0816.jpg?w=840&h=559]
Mwandishi wa fasihi wa Senegal, Boris Boubacar Diop.
Ndiyo maswali niliyokuwa nayo kichwani wakati nikihudhuria kongamano la shirika la Wakfu wa Kwaninchini Kenya mwanzoni mwa mwezi Disemba 2015, ambako fursa ilinikutanisha na wanafasihi bingwa kutoka kote barani Afrika.
“Nchini kwangu Kongo, wakati najifunza, nilijifunza kwa Kifaransa, na hakuna namna ambapo Kiswahili kinaweza kikashika kwenye fikra zetu, bali kinabakia kuwa cha mazungumzo ya kawaida tu. Ile lugha ya kufikiri hasa, bado ingali Kifaransa,” aliniambia Patrick, ambaye ingawa chuoni alisomea kemia, mwenyewe ni msanii, mwandishi na mpigapicha, akiwa anajishughulisha na kazi za kisanii na kifasihi tangu utotoni mwake. Pia ni mhariri wa jarida la masuala ya utamaduni liitwalo Nzenze.
Hoja hii ya kuwepo kwa mafungamano makubwa sana baina ya uwasilishwaji wa fasihi ya Kiafrika na lugha za kigeni, ndiyo pia hoja ya Boubacar Diop, mwandishi mashuhuri wa riwaya kwenye mataifa yanayozungumza Kifaransa. Lakini yeye anakwenda mbali zaidi na kuhusisha ukweli huo na historia ya ukoloni barani Afrika.
“Kwa watu wengi, huwezi kuzungumzia fasihi ya Kiafrika ikiwa huzungumzii uzoefu wetu wa kikoloni. Kuna uhusiano kati ya uzoefu huo na kwamba tunaandika riwaya, tathmilia na ushairi.”
Ukweli wa Kihistoria?
Ukweli huu wa kihistoria, ungawa mchungu kama ulivyo, ndio unaoiandama fasihi ya Kiafrika. Kwa hakika, kwa kuwa ndani ya kazi za kifasihi kama vile riwaya, tamthilia na ushairi ndimo munapopatikana mawazo na maono ya kimaisha kwa wasomaji wake, ambao wengi ni vijana, basi matokeo yake huakisika kwenye maisha, hata kwa mambo ya ndani kabisa, kama vile hisia za kimapenzi.

[Image: dsc0732.jpg?w=840&h=559]
Msanii Patrick Mudekereza kutoka Lubumbashi.
Katika riwaya ya Nyota ya Rehema, kwa mfano, mwandishi anasimulia jinsi muhisika wake Karim alivyokuwa akiamini kuwa mapenzi kwa mkewe yanakuwa na ladha tamu sana pale anapotumia Kiingereza kumuita [i]“my wife”[/i] badala ya mke wangu, ama [i]“my darling”[/i] badala ya mpenzi wangu. Na hii ni alama kubwa ya historia ya ukoloni ndani ya fasihi na hivyo hata damu yetu, kama anavyosema David Caeser, mshairi na mhakiki wa kazi za fasihi nchini Uganda.
“Ni mchakato wa historia, na ni tatizo la historia, kwamba tayari tunaishi kwenye dunia hii mpya ya kikoloni, ambamo wenyewe tunazidi kuwa watu wa wapya. Mimi napenda kuandika kwa Kiingereza kwa sababu najiona kuwa naijuwa lugha hii, lakini huandiki kwa kuwa tu unafurahia kuyapanga maneno, bali kwa kuwa unataka kuwasiliana kuhusu kitu fulani, lakini ninagundua kuwa ninachokiandika kikiwa kitu kigeni kwa watu.”
Hata hivyo, watetezi wa kutumia lugha za kigeni katika kazi za kifasihi za Afrika wana hoja zao. Mojawapo ni kwamba Afrika, bara lenye wakaazi wapatao bilioni moja na milioni mia mbili, lina lugha zaidi ya 2000, na wakati mwengine ndani ya taifa moja muna, kama ilivyo Tanzania kwa mfano, muna lugha zaidi ya 100. Hivyo ni shida kuwaunganisha watu hawa wenye lugha nyingi kwa lugha zao, hivyo lugha ya kigeni inapotumika kusimulia fasihi yao ni sahihi.
Boubacar Diop, ambaye mbali ya kuwa mwanafasihi pia ni mwanahabari akiwa mwanzilishi wa gazeti huru nchini kwake liitwalo Sol, anasema hoja hii inapingana na fahari ya Afrika kuwa bara kongwe, kwani “unaposema kuwa fasihi kwenye nchi za Kiafrika zinazozungumza Kifaransa kwa mfano ilianza 1926 kwa kazi kama za Bakari Diallou, unamaanisha kuwa tulikuwa kimya kwa mamilioni ya miaka, nami naamini hilo si jambo linaoingia akilini.”
Uhalali wa kutumia lugha za kigeni?
Kuna sababu nyengine pia kukazia hoja ya wale wanaoamini kuwa ni sahihi kwa fasihi ya Kiafrika kuandikwa kwa lugha ya kigeni. Nayo ni kwamba wakati waandishi wa mwanzo mwanzo wa Kiafrika walipoanza kusimulia hekaya ya Kiafrika kwa maandishi, lugha za Kiafrika zilikuwa hazijakuwa na herufi zake zenyewe. Ndio mazingira aliyojikuta, kwa mfano, Nurdin Farah, mwandishi bingwa wa riwaya kutokea Somalia, ambaye amekuwa akiandika kwa lugha ya Kiingereza.

[Image: dsc0951.jpg?w=840&h=559]
Mshairi na mhakiki wa fasihi David Caeser kutoka Uganda.
Katika mazungumzo yake na Binyavyanga Wainaina, bingwa huyu wa fasihi ya Somalia anayezungumza kwa ufasaha lugha nne, anasema hakuweza kuandika kwa Kisomali maana Kisomali hakikuwa na hati za maandishi. “Sikutaka kuandika kwa Kiamhara kwa kuwa tulilelewa tukifahamu kuwa hiyo ni lugha ya adui yetu. Ningeliweza kuandika kwa Kiarabu na kwa kweli niliandika hadithi chache kwa Kiarabu, lakini tatizo lilikuwa mashine ya kuandikia. Nilipoanza kuandika kwa Kitaliano nikakuta tatizo hilo. Ndipo nilipopata mashine ya Kimarekani ambayo ilikuwa madhubuti zaidi, rahisi zaidi na nzuri zaidi na hapo nikasema sasa nitakuwa naandika kwa Kiingereza. Na hiyo ndiyo sababu ya kuanza kuandika kwa Kiingereza.”
Na baada ya kuselelea sana na kwenye Kiingereza, waandishi kama Nurdin Farah hawaoni haja ya kutumia lugha ya Kiafrika kusimulia hekaya ya Kiafrika.
Katika ulimwengu wa Waswahili pia kuna mifano kadhaa ya waandishi kama hao – Abdulrazak Gurnah kutoka Zanzibar na Ngugi wa Thiong’o kutoka Kenya, wakiwa mifano yao. Lakini je, hata kwa mtu aliyeimiliki lugha ya kigeni kwa kiwango kikubwa, bado anaweza hasa kuelezea kila kitu kwa kutumia lugha isiyokuwa ulimi wake wa kuzaliwa nao?
David Caeser amekuwa akiandika kazi zake kwa lugha ya Kiingereza anayoimudu vyema, lakini bado anaamini kuwa ni mateso kwake kuandika kwa lugha hiyo ya kigeni. Anasema huwa anajihisi kama vile amebanwa na jinamizi, maana “ninapoandika kwa Kiingereza kwenyewe ni kama kutafsiri. Ninapoandika kuhusu mahala au watu fulani, kwa mfano, hao hawazungumzi Kiingereza, hawatendi kwa mujibu wa Uingereza, hivyo kwangu kitendo cha kuandika ni kama niko kwenye mchakato wa mateso.”
Kiswahili ni mfano mwema
Hata hivyo, kinapolinganishwa na lugha nyengine za Kiafrika, bado Kiswahili kina bahati ya kuwa na waandishi wengi Waswahili walioandika fasihi ya Kiswahili kwa kutumia Kiswahili – Said Ahmed Mohammed, Mohamed Said Abdullah, Shaaban Robert, Ken Walibora, na orodha inaendelea. Wengi wa waandishi hawa wameandika kazi zao zote takribani kwa lugha ya Kiswahili pekee na zikajizolea sifa kubwa ulimwenguni kote, nyengine zikitafsiriwa kwa lugha za kigeni, kama ilivyo riwaya ya Kuli ya Shafi Adam Shafi.

[Image: nuda-diin.jpg?w=840]
Nuruddin Farah, mwanafasihi wa Kisomali anayetumia Kiingereza.
Hata mwandishi Boubacar Diop ilimchukuwa muda kuamini kuwa anaweza kutoka nje ya lugha ya Kifaransa anayotumia kuandikia kazi zake na kugeukia lugha yake ya kuzaliwa nayo. “Nilipoanza kuandika, kamwe sikuwahi kufikiria kuwa kuna siku nitaweza kuandika riwaya kwa Kiwolof, kwa sababu nilikuwa siwezi. Siwezi tu. Ingawa nilifikiria kuwa ni jambo zuri kufanya, lakini mimi nisingeliweza. Kisha nikaamua kujaribu na nikaweza.”
Hivyo, tunaporejea lile swali la awali la ikiwa kuna haja ya ‘kuiafrikanisha’ fasihi ya Kiafrika, pamoja na yote, jibu hadi sasa ni kwamba haja hiyo ipo, maana Waafrika wana utamaduni na hivyo fasihi yao ambayo ni tafauti kabisa na wengine, baadhi ya wakati haiwezi hata kusimulika kwa kutumia lugha isiyokuwa yao, maana fasihi ni pamoja na kuzielezea hisia za ndani mno za kibinaadamu.
Manu Chandaria, mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa makampuni ya Safal, ambayo kupitia kampuni yake tanzu ya Mabati Rowlings inashirikiana na Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell cha Marekani kutoa [url=http://kiswahiliprize.cornell.edu/]tuzo kwa waandishi wa Fasihi ya Kiswahili, anaamini kuwa Kiswahili kinaweza kuinuliwa na kujisimamia wenyewe.
“Tunataka kukisambaza Kiswahili. Ndilo jambo ambalo tunapaswa kulifikiria. Ndiyo lugha yetu ya kuelezea hisia zetu. Hatuwezi kuzielezea kwa namna nyengine. Unaweza kujaribu lugha zote, lakini hutaweza. Na kuumiliki utamaduni na fasihi yetu, lazima tuijuwe lugha hii.”
Na, kwa hakika, njia ziko nyingi ambazo lugha za Kiafrika zinaweza kutumiwa na Waafrika kusimulia fasihi yao wenyewe. Mojawapo ni tafsiri baina ya lugha moja ya Kiafrika kwenda nyengine na pia kwa waandishi wenyewe waliozowea kuandika kwa lugha za kigeni kuandika kwanza kazi hiyo hiyo kwa lugha ya Kiafrika.
Na kwa wale ambao bado wanaamini kuwa kuandika kazi za fasihi ya Kiafrika kwa lugha ya kigeni ndiko kunakowafanya wawe wa kimataifa na wasomi zaidi, mwandishi gwiji wa fasihi kutoka Senegal, Boubacar  Diop, anawataka afikirie upya.
“Watu wanadhani ni rahisi kusahau asili yangu. Nakwenda tu moja kwa moja tu kuwa mtu wa ulimwengu na inakuwa hivyo. Nadhani ni sisi peke yetu tunaofikiria hivyo. Tuwe wakweli, tuna tatizo la kukosa kujiamini wenyewe.”    Chanzo >>>>>>
Mwl Maeda
Reply


Forum Jump:


Users browsing this thread: 2 Guest(s)