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MIKABALA YA TAALUMA YA SARUFI

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MIKABALA YA TAALUMA YA SARUFI
#1
MIKABALA YA TAALUMA YA SARUFI
(a)          Sarufi ubongo
(b)          Sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu.
©    Sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha.
UTANGULIZI WETU UTAZINGATIA MAMBO YAFUATAYO
·        Maana ya sarufi.
·        Mkabala wa kimapokeo.
·        Mkabala wa kisasa.
MJADALA WETU UTAJIKITA KATIKA VIPENGELE VIFUATAVYO
·        Ufafanuzi wa sarufi ubongo
·        Ufafanuzi wa sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu
·       Ufafanuzi wa sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha.
·        Tofauti zilizopo katika mikabala hii.
Katika mjadala huu, kwanza kabisa tutaanza kwa kuangalia dhana muhimu ambazo zimejitokeza katika mada yetu, ambazo ni sarufi, mkabala wa kimapokeo pamoja na mkabala wa kisasa. Kisha tutangalia kwa kujadili kiini cha mada, ambapo tutaangalia jinsi sarufi ubongo, sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu na sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha na inaangukia katika mkabala upi na inatofautiana vipi.
Tukianza na maana ya sarufi kwa mujibu wa wataalamu mbalimbali kama vile:-
Kihore na wenzake (2005) wakimnukuu Gaynor (1968:88), wanaeleza kuwa sarufi ni sayansi ya muundo wa lugha pamoja na sheria, kanuni na matumizi yake ambayo kwa kawaida hukubalika kwa watumiaji wake.
Vile vile Mdee (1999) anafasili sarufi kama mfumo wa kanuni za lugha zinazomwezesha mzungumzaji kutunga sentensi nyingi sahihi na zenye kukubaliwa na wazawa wa lugha.
Pia Massamba na wenzake (1999:31) katika mtazamo wa pili wa kufasili dhana ya sarufi wanaeleza kuwa sarufi ni kanuni sheria au taratibu za uchambuzi zinazotawala lugha.
Hivyo basi wanasarufi hawa wanaonekana kukubaliana kwamba sarufi ni kanuni, sheria na taratibu zinazotawala lugha. Lakini kwa kiasi kikubwa tunakubaliana na fasili iliyotolewa na Mdee kutokana na kwamba ameweza kutufafanulia vizuri kanuni hizo na taratibu za lugha ndizo zinazomwezesha mzungumzaji kutunga sentensi nyingi, sahihi na zenye kukubaliwa na wazawa wa lugha.
Kwa mfano:- sentensi za kiswahili zina muundo wa
N + V + T + E
Mtoto mzuri anacheza uwanjani.
N         V          T             E
Baada ya kuangalia dhana ya sarufi kwa mujibu wa wataalamu mbalimbali sasa tunaweza kuangalia mikabala mikuu miwili ya sarufi ambayo ni:-
i.             Mkabala wa kimapokeo
ii.            Mkabala wa kisasa.
Kwa kuanza na mkabala wa kimapokeo kwa mujibu Khamisi na Kiango (2002), wanaeleza kuwa hii ni sarufi ya kale, wataalamu wanaohusishwa na mkabala huu walijitokeza kuanzia karne ya 5 kabla ya kristo na katika karne ya 18 na karne ya 19 baada ya kristo, wataalamu hao ni kama vile Plato, Aristotle, Panin, Protagoras ambao walijihusisha na lugha kwa kutaka kujua asili yake ikiwa ni sehemu ya uchunguzi wa asili ya maumbo hususani walitaka kujua kama lugha ni tukio la maumbile au tukio la unasibu.
Pia Massamba na wenzake (wameshatajwa) wanaeleza kwamba sarufi mapokeo zilikuwa ni sarufi elekezi ambazo zilisisitiza kanuni na nini cha kusema na wajua lugha. Watu wasiojua kanuni za lugha wanapaswa kujifunza kutoka kwa wanaojua sarufi ya lugha. Wanaendelea kusema kuwa, wanaojua lugha hupaswa kutunga kanuni za sarufi.
Vile vile Habwe na Karanja (2004:124), wanadai kuwa mitazamo hii ya wanasarufi hawa wa kimapokeo iliathiri mbinu na njia za kuangalia lugha kwani sarufi mapokeo ilijikita katika lugha za kiulaya kama vile kiyunani na kilatini.
Sifa mbalimbali za lugha hizi ambazo ziliaminiwa kuwa bora, zilichunguza kilatini na kiyunani zilielezwa kuwa ni lugha duni na kutwezwa na kudhalilishwa
Sarufi mapokeo ilielekeza watu jinsi ya kutumia lugha, uelekezi huo hata hivyo ulijikita kwenye sheria za lugha ya kilatini kwa mfano sentensi haikupaswa kuishia na kihusishi wala kuanza na kiunganishi.
Udhaifu mkubwa wa sarufi mapokeo ni kwamba, taratibu za uchanganuzi wa lugha hazikuzingatia lugha ya kuzungumza kama ilivyo leo. Wanasarufi mapokeo walienzi na kuchunguza lugha ya maandishi. Hivyo basi ni dhahiri kwamba mkabala huu unaangukia katika mitazamo ya kifalsafa.
Hivyo basi ni wazi kuwa katika sarufi hii ya mapokeo tunakutana na mikabala miwili inayoangukia katika mkabala huu ambayo ni sarufi ubongo na sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu.
Mkabala wa pili, ni mkabala wa kisasa, unaoongozwa na wanasosiolojia ambao unahusisha sarufi mbalimbali kama vile :-
i.             Sarufi msonge
ii.            Sarufi miundo virai
iii.           Sarufi geuza maumbo zalishi
iv.          Sarufi husiano
Katika mkabala huu ndipo tunapata mkabala wa sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha.
Hivyo basi baada ya kujadili mikabala mikuu miwili ambayo ni mkabala wa kimapokeo na mkabala wa kisasa, zifuatazo ni sifa muhimu za sarufi ubongo, sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu na sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha ambazo kwazo tutaona jinsi kila moja inavyotofautiana na nyingine.
Kwa kuanza na sarufi ubongo, kwa mujibu wa Nordquist (2012), anaeleza kuwa sarufi ubongo ni sarufi endelevu ambayo inamwezesha binadamu kuzalisha lugha ambayo inaweza kueleweka kwa wengine
Pia Sharpe (2006), anaeleza kuwa sarufi hii hufananishwa na umilisi, anaendelea kueleza kuwa sarufi hii humwezesha mtu kuweza kusikia na kutambua kama sentensi hiyo ni sahihi au si sahihi.
Chomsky (1957), anaeleza kuwa kila binadamu amezaliwa na uwezo wa kuzalisha tungo mbalimbali zisizo na ukomo ambazo humpatia uwezo au uzoefu wa sarufi ya lugha. Pia anafafanua kwamba kila binadamu huzaliwa na kifaa katika ubongo wake ambacho kinamwezesha kuamili lugha ya aina yoyote, amekiita kifaa cha uamiliaji lugha (KIULU). Kwa mfano mtoto mdogo mwenye umri chini ya miaka saba anaweza kuamili lugha yoyote na mahali popote.
Mgullu (1999), anaeleza kuwa sarufi ubongo huchunguza jinsi binadamu anavyojifunza lugha kwa mfano hatua mbalimbali ambazo hupitia wakati anajifunza lugha yake ya kwanza.
Kwa hiyo tunakubaliana na fasili zote zilizotolewa na wataalamu hapo juu kutokana na kwamba sarufi ubongo, hii ni sarufi ambayo inachunguza jinsi binadamu anavyoweza kuamili lugha na kujifunza lugha pia kuweza kuzalisha sentensi mbalimbali ambazo anaweza kuzitumia katika mawasiliano.
Vile vile wataalamu wa mkabala huu hueleza kuwa upo uhusiano mkubwa kati ya akili, kufikiri na lugha bila shaka uhusiano huu ni ule wa taathira ya lugha yaani dhana inayoeleza kuwa kwa kawaida kila lugha huathiri watumiaji wake kwa kiasi kikubwa.
Vile vile wataalamu wa mkabala huu wanaeleza jinsi watu wanavyojifunza lugha ya pili au lugha ya tatu.
Kwa kifupi mkabala huu hujihusisha na mambo kadha kama vile:-
(i)    Kumwezesha binadamu kuweza kuzalisha au kutunga sentensi mbalimbali.
(ii)       Sarufi ubongo huusika na uamiliaji wa lugha na ujifunzaji wa lugha.
(iii)   Sarufi hii huwakilisha maarifa ya mzungumzaji wa lugha (umilisi alionao mzungumzaji).
Mkabala mwingine wa sarufi ambao unaangukia katika mkabala wa sarufi mapokeo ni sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu.
Kwa mujibu wa Encyclopedia (1970), wanaeleza kuwa sarufi kaida ni mpangilio unaoonyesha au kueleza kanuni za kisarufi katika lugha ambazo hushughulika na kanuni za uundaji wa maneno, maumbo ya maneno, miundo ya maneno, miundo ya sentensi, vile vile inahusisha taarifa maalumu kuhusu fonetiki na fonolojia (taaluma inayohusika na utamkaji sahihi unaokubalika)
Pia kwa mujibu wa Babylon Dictionary (1997), wanaeleza kuwa sarufi kaida ni mfumo wa kisarufi ambao unafafanua kipi sahihi na kipi si sahihi katika lugha, pindi mzungumzaji anapozungumza, amezungumza sahihi au si sahihi.
Kwa hiyo tunaweza kueleza kuwa sarufi kaida hujishughulisha sana na:-
i.           Kuelekeza namna ya matumizi sahihi ya lugha.
ii.         Wataalamu wa lugha ndio wanaounda kanuni na miongozo ya lugha ambayo inatakiwa kufuatwa na wale wasiojua lugha.
Kwa mfano:- kanuni mojawapo ya miundo ya sentensi za Kiswahili huwa na muundo wa kiima na kiarifu.
Vile vile sentensi nyingi za Kiswahili huwa na muundo wa kirai nomino na kirai kitenzi.
Hivyo basi katika mkabala huu wa sarufi watu wasiojua lugha wanapaswa kufuata kanuni na taratibu zilizoundwa na wanaojua lugha kwa mfano wanasarufi.
Pia mkabala mwingine wa sarufi ambao unaangukia katika mkabala wa kisasa ni sarufi kama utafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inayoonekana katika lugha.
Kwa mujibu wa Besha (2007), anaeleza kuwa huu ni mkabala unaohusika hasa na uchambuzi wa muundo wa lugha, sauti za lugha, muundo wa sentensi na hata maana za tungo za lugha.
Pia mgullu (1999), anaeleza kuwa lengo la mkabala huu ni kufafanua vipengele vyote vya lugha fulani kama vilivyo hivi sasa au vilivyokuwa wakati fulani.
Hivyo basi Besha na Mgullu wanakubaliana kuwa huu ni mkabala unaofafanua namna au jinsi watu wanavyozungumza lugha na sio kuwaelekeza waizungumze vipi lugha yao.
Hivyo basi kwa ujumla mkabala huu unajihusisha na mamba yafuatayo:-
i.             Hautilii mkazo mabadiliko yaliyotokea katika lugha hata kama mabasiliko hayo yapo.
ii.            Mkabala huu hauamuru watu waseme vipi na vipi wasiseme.
Kutokana na sifa mbalimbali zilizojitokeza katika mikabala hii, tumeweza kubaini tofauti zilizopo baina ya mikabala hii mitatu ambazo ni kama zifuatazo:-
Sarufi ubongo, sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu zinajitokeza katika mkabala wa kimapokeo wakati sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha inajitokeza katika mkabala wa kisasa.
Vilevile sarufi ubongo humwezesha binadamu kuweza kuzalisha miundo mbalimbali ya tungo wakati sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu haijihusishi kabisa na masuala ya ubongo bali yenyewe hujihusisha na mazoea ya kawaida ya watumiaji wa lugha ambapo kunakuwa na makosa ambayo huwafanya wataalamu kuunda kanuni za lugha ambazo zinatakiwa kufuatwa na wasiojua lugha hii inatofautiana na sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyoonekana kwenye lugha kwa kuwa haihusiani na masuala ya ubongo wala kaida, bali yenyewe hujihusisha na utafiti na ufafanuzi wa miundo ya lugha kama inavyotumika na wazungumzaji wa lugha na haiwaelekezi jinsi ya kuzungumza.
Kwa kuhitimisha tunaweza kusema kwamba pamoja na tofauti hizo zilizojitokeza katika mikabala hiyo mitatu, mikabala hii inaonekana kufanana kwani yote inajihusisha na lugha ya binadamu, pia mikabala hii imechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika maendeleo ya taaluma ya isimu na ndio imekuwa darajia kwa wataalamu mbalimbali katika kufanya tafiti zao kwa mfano baada ya kushindwa kwa sarufi ubongo na sarufi kama kaida za kiisimu ndipo kukazaliwa kwa sarufi kama tafiti na uchambuzi wa miundo inavyooneka kwenye lugha.
MAREJEO
Babylon Dictionary. (1997). Translation and Information Platform. Babylon Ltd.
Besha, R.M. (2007). Utangulizi wa lugha na Isimu. Macmillan Aidan Ltd. Dar es Salaam.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. Mouton The Hague.
Khamis, A.M na John G.K (2002). Uchanganuzi wa sarufi ya Kiswahili. TUKI. Dar es salaam.
Habwe, J na Peter K (2007). Msingi ya sarufi ya Kiswahili.Phoenix Publishers. Nairobi.
Kihore, Y.M na wenzake. (2008). Sarufi Maumbo ya Kiswahili Sanifu (SAMAKISA):Sekondari na Vyuo. TUKI. Dar es Salaam.
Massamba, D.P.B. na wenzake. (2009). Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili Sanifu (SAMIKISA): Sekondari na Vyuo. TUKI.
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