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Utani miongoni mwa Waswahili wa Zanzibar

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Utani miongoni mwa Waswahili wa Zanzibar
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[Image: mzee-mpara-samaki-nungwi-1.jpg?w=1200&h=0&crop=1]
Kuna pande mbili za mitazamo kuhusiana na asili ya Wazanzibari: wapo wanaodai kuwa Wazanzibari ni mchanganyiko wa watu wa makabila tofauti kutoka ile iliyokuja kuitwa baadaye Tanganyika na kisha Tanzania Bara – kama vile Bagamoyo, Tanga, Kunduchi na kwengineko.
Mtazamo huu unaamini kuwa watu wa makabila hayo walifika visiwa vya Zanzibar kwa ajili ya shughuli za uvuvi. Hoja yao husisitizwa kutokana na shughuli wazifanyazo Wazanzibari wa sasa. Na ndio maana hata utafiti huu unajikita katika shughuli zile zile wazifanyazo Wazanzibari yaani uvuvi, udalali na uchuuzi wa samaki huku utani wa sehemu hizo ukichunguzwa.
Mtazamo wa pili ni ule unaodai kuwa Wazanzibari ni mchanganyiko wa watu watokao Bara Hindi, Arabuni na Uajemi waliokuja kwa kusaidiwa na pepo za msimu kufanya shughuli za kibiashara kwenye upwa wa pwani ya Afrika Mashariki. Juma (2008) anasisitiza kwa kusema, tunapozungumzia historia ya Zanzibar “hatuna budi kutilia maanani hali ya mchanganyiko wa watu wenye asili ya mataifa mbalimbali kama vile Bara Hindi, Uarabuni na Uajemi.”
Mitazamo hiyo miwili inathibitika kutokana na tamaduni walizonazo Wazanzibari, ambazo zina mchanganyiko na kufanana na tamaduni za jamii nyengine ila kinachotofautiana ni jiogirafia ya pahala na mazingira katika tamaduni nyengine au utani ufanyao sehemu nyingine ya utamaduni huo. Na ndio maana mtafiti akaangalia utani unaofanyika dikoni na sokoni ili kubaini utafauti unaojitokeza kwenye utani wa sehemu nyingine.
Naye Zeid (2011) alifanya utafiti juu ya “Athari ya Lugha ya Utani kwa Jamii ya Wapemba.” Katika utafiti huo, ameeleza kuwa katika kisiwa cha Pemba bado utani una nafasi muhimu katika maisha ya kila siku. Kwa vile utani umetawala katika sehemu za jamii, haifikiriwi kama kuna mtu kwa njia moja au nyengine asiyeshiriki katika harakati za utani katika jamii ya Wapemba. Anabainisha kuwa utani hufanywa katika miktadha ya mazishini, matangani, harusini na katika shughuli za kiuchumi.
Pia, mtafiti anaeleza kwamba utani umetawaliwa na semi zenye kuashiria kejeli, dhihaka, matusi, na dharau. Semi hizo hujitokeza na kupotea na hakuna semi inayotumika daima. Mtafiti amezungumzia utani kwa jamii ya Wapemba lakini aliegemea katika fani ya isimu na alitazama zaidi athari ya vitendo neni katika lugha ya utani. Kutokana na hayo, mtafiti ameona ni vyema kuuangalia utani katika uga wa fasihi.
Kwa kusisitiza utumiaji wa jadi hii ya utani kwa Wazanzibari, na hasa kisiwani Pemba, Mohammed Ghassani (2003) anaueleza utani kuwa ni amali muhimu katika jamii hiyo na inapotendeka inaondoa dhana ya kuwa utani ni kitu cha kukibeza.
Hata hivyo, mara nyingi watani wanapokutana hutaniana kwa maneno huku wakizingatia masharti yaundayo uhusiano wao wa kiutani kama vile bibi na wajukuu zake, shemeji na shemeji na mfano wa hayo, kwani bila ya mazingatio unaweza kujikuta umemtania mtu asiyekustahikia na kwa muktadha huo sasa utakuwa umemtusi.
Kwa mfano, sijambo la kushangaza kuona watu wakifanya utani wakati wa msiba kama Ghassani anavyosema:
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Kwa Wapemba utani ni kejeli katika maisha. Watu huko hutaniana wakati wa uzazi na wakati wa matanga. Ni jambo la kawaida sana kumuona mtu katika mkusanyiko wa matanga, wakati wengine wanalia yeye, amejivisha kanzu na koti la marehemu anamuigiza mwendo wake au sauti yake. Si kuwa hawaumizwi na msiba huo, lakini utani huu ni katika kuyapa maana halisi maisha yao na kuzifunika huzuni zao.
Hivyo, utani unaweza kuwakutanisha watu katika matukio na miktadha ambayo kwa namna moja au nyengine hujenga upendo na kuondosha chuki au huzuni iliyopo.
Ghassani anaonesha jinsi kejeli na dhihaka itumiwavyo na watu mbali mbali wawe matajiri au masikini. Hapa mwandishi anaizungumza hali ya Wapemba baada ya uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 1995 ambapo watu walipigwa ovyo, chakula kilikuwa adimu na kulikuwa na uhaba wa mvua. Waliliita sembe “Nkapa“, askari waliitwa melody na njaa iliitwa Komando. Anaendelea kusema kwamba labda unaweza kufikiria watu wako kwenye hali ngumu kama hiyo na bado wanadiriki kujenga kejeli na tashtiti za namna hiyo.
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Ndiyo kusema kwamba hiyo ni sehemu ya maisha yao ambayo yana ugumu usiomithilika. Kwao utani ni kibwagizo cha maisha ndio kusema kwamba utani ni kibwagizo cha ugumu wa maisha, hutaniana na kukejeli ili kujifariji na kujipumbaza na dhiki iwaandamayo kila uchao. Lakini pia kuutapika ukweli mchungu
Bakiza (2008) wanaeleza katika kitabu chao cha Utamaduni wa Mzanzibari kwamba Wazanzibari wana desturi ya kufanyiana utani. Kama vile kuitana majina ya kupanga ambayo huwa maarufu hadi kufikia lile la mwanzo kusahaulika. Wanaongeza kwamba mfano mzuri wa utendekaji wa utani wa Wazanzibari huonekana wakati wa harusi. Watani wa uzawa wa mwanamke anayeolewa humkimbiza Bi Harusi mtarajiwa asiolewe au Bwana Harusi asioe. Wengine huukamata mkono wa muozeshaji na kudai aozeshwe yeye. Hufanya hivyo mpaka apewe pesa kidogo na ndipo aondoke na kuacha shughuli iendelee. Madhumuni ya kufanya hivyo ni kujitambulisha kuwa yeye ni shemegi yake au mtu wa karibu katika familia. Hapa tunapata taswira kuwa jamii ya Wazanzibari inaikubali jadi hii ya utani katika sehemu mbalimbali.
Naye Iddi (2005) katika tasnifu yake ya “Utani katika Jamii ya Wazanzibari” amezungumzia zaidi nyimbo za utani ambazo huimbwa kwenye harusi. Nyimbo hizo kimantiki ni zenye kutoa mafunzo kwa maharusi. Pia ameeleza kwamba, katika shughuli za Wazanzibari, watani ndio husinga maharusi. Pamoja na hayo wakati wa kusingwa, utani hutawala kwani; mara nyingi shughuli kama hii hufanywa na wale watu unaoweza kuwaowa kwa upande wa mwanamme, na  watoto wa kike wa mjomba, shangazi na madada kwa upande wa harusi mwanamke.
Naye Mkubwa (2012) alifanya utafiti juu ya “Dhima za Utani Katika Maziko na Matanga ya Wapemba na Athari Zake kwa Jamii”. Katika utafiti wake huo alieleza kwamba, utani katika maziko ya Wapemba umeanza kuondoka kwa kiasi kikubwa. Hata hivyo, jamii imekuwa ikitekeleza utani katika matanga na dhima yake kubwa ni kujiliwaza baada ya machunu ya kuondokewa.
Aidha alifafanua kuwa imani ya dini ya kiislamu imekuwa ikinasibishwa na kupinga utani katika maziko hasa kwa baadhi ya madhehebu. Kwa ujumla, kazi hii haikufafanua namna utani unavyotoa nafasi kwa sehemu za mjumuiko kama sokoni na dikoni.
TANBIHI: Kutoka tasnifu ya shahada ya uzamili ya Salama Omar wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dodoma iliyopewa jina “NAFASI YA UTANI WA SOKONI NA DIKONI KWA JAMII YA WAZANZIBARI”.   Chanzo >>>
Mwl Maeda
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